Durrington Pits | Ancient Celtic New Zealand

The discovery of 20 formerly wide and deep shafts, situated an average of 864 metres (2835-feet), away from the centre of Durrington Walls Henge, Southern England, is considered by many to be the find of the century and a huge archaeological achievement.

'The recent discovery of an enormous ring of cylinder-like pits, each approximately five meters deep and 10 meters in diameter, found to encircle the henge enclosure of Durrington Walls in Wiltshire, southern England, is set to become one of the greatest enigmas of British archaeology. With a maximum diameter of 1.44 miles (2.31 kilometers), this huge circular feature, discovered by the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project and henceforth to be known as Durrington Shafts, is now officially the largest prehistoric monument of its kind anywhere in the world. The fact that it is located just 2 miles (3 kilometers) from Stonehenge only adds to the mystery'.

Two views of the distribution of shafts, situated somewhat erratically, but averaging 864-metres (2835-feet) away from Durrington Walls Henge. Images taken from an animated video found at: https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue55/4/index.html

This researcher has studied Durrington Walls Henge, and many other similar sites, like Avebury Henge in southern England, Dowth Henge in Ireland, as well as standing stone circles like Brodgar in Scotland or others situated throughout Great Britain, as elsewhere, and has concluded that they functioned as ancient "Open-Air-Universities".

Standing away from the centres of the above mentioned sites were all manner of erected markers, some many miles distant in the outer landscape. These structures were, variously, chambered cairns for shelter in the severe cold of the Orkney Islands, or mounds, obelisks, arrays of standing stones, post complexes, barrows, souterrain tunnel dwellings, etc., and each structure would reside at a coded distance and angle from the henge's or standing stone circle's centre.

The primary or most important function of these Open-Air-Universities was in teaching navigation to the brightest and the best of British, Continental European or Mediterranean youth, who were sent to Britain, even in remote antiquity, to train for many years as a precursor to becoming navigators on ancient ships, plying their trade routes across the vast, featureless oceans.

In an age where very perishable books of paper or scrolls of papyrus, parchment, etc., were in short supply, highly significant scientific principles, related to the equatorial size of the Earth or solar, lunar and stellar cycles, had to be encoded into a special parcel of number strings, then memorised with severity.

The method used was to set up standing stone circles and similar cart-wheel -type sites, composed of a central hubstone, then numerous outlier positions. Every distance and angle relationship between the hubstone and an outlier marker generated a distance value and an angle around from north and it was within these two numbers that profound ancient sciences were encoded. All one needed in order to extract the special numbers was a precise measurement system and a 360-degree calibrated disk, as well as specific geological features on the skyline that sat at a known primary or secondry point of the compass away from the hubstone.

Thereafter each generation of highly-trained "masters of the craft" or seasoned savants had an absolute responsibility to teach the ensuing generation the entire parcel of numbers and their scientific meanings, otherwise they had just cursed their children and the concept of abundant, working civilisation could slip from the grasp of descendants and be lost forever.

The henges and giant standing stone circles like Brodgar were centres where intense orienteering training was given. The students, in small groups, were assigned quests, based upon measured distances and angles to a series of outlier targets in every direction around the henge or hubstone centres and had to, over a period of days, find their way each day to target standing stones or mounds etc., some lying miles away in the outer landscape. With the onset of night, the final target for the day would be a chambered cairn or souterrain where the small groups could shelter, rest, eat & sleep in relative comfort and warmth. Failure to find that all-important day's-end objective meant a bad night out in the cold with wolves or bears, etc., so accurate navigation was paramount.

At the big henge complexes like Durrington Walls or standing stone circles like Brodgar, there are literally hundreds of purpose-built, precisely-positioned structures scattered around for miles in the outer landscape. Any number of varying orienteering quests were possible and students spent years, circuiting out and back on various quests, honing their navigational skills on land before being entrusted with a ship and crew and going to sea.

The so-called Greek myth about Theseus slaying the Minotaur in the Labyrinth is in similitude or analogous to ancient students of navigation training at the many henge complexes, traipsing between associated outlier structures as apprentices, before venturing out upon the cruel and unforgiving oceans that were intent upon devouring those insufficiently trained in the navigational arts. Only the very best navigators, adept in positional plotting and dead-reckoning, had any hope of escaping from the monster of the deep that lurked beneath in the oceanic labyrinth, thus preserving their own lives, crew and precious cargo under the navigator's guidance, care and keeping. See: http://www.celticnz.co.nz/Brodgar/Brodgar%202.htm

The circuiting embankment walls of the henges represented an artificial sea horizon and students, with a fix point for true north, would spend many long nights clustered together at the henge centre memorising the rise and set angles or swirl sequences/ positions of bright navigational stars and constellations, as well as the movements of the moon and morning sunrise positions. The sun, rising through a constellation background of stars, gave an accurate time-fix on the month of the year. The phase of the moon was all important to navigators who, if encountering stormy, cloud-shrouded weather, and thereby lost track of the date, could look at the moon when conditions cleared and accurately determine the date.

The sciences encoded by number strings or progressions were for grid referencing the Earth for successful positional plotting and dead reckoning, They were also used for monitoring the duration of the lunar nutation cycle and tracking both the sun and moon positions under the Sabbatical lunisolar calendar system, counting days, weeks, months and years. The ages-old sexagesimal chronology system, known to be used by the Sumerians, was in widespread use, along with the 360-degree angle system. The scientific numbers derived from the special parcel were used in all weights, measures and volume standards and these were either shared by or in precise ratio to the standards of cousin nations.

All of the cubits, feet, miles, leagues, talents of weight (grain counts) or volumes (cubic inches) standards had to precisely exhibit one of the special scientific numbers and this was absolutely adhered to by the great civilisations of the Mediterranean and Continental European/ British Isles people of antiquity.

The big secret for decoding ancient standing stone circles or henge complexes of Britain is to use the British standard inch and foot, as well as the 360-degree angle system. This measurement system is not British in origin and is found within more ancient, far removed, purpose built and positioned structures over several continents, some of which pre-date British civilisation. The use of these selfsame, standard inch & foot increments ranges from Egypt and its environs to the Americas and beyond. See: http://library.cincymuseum.org/journals/files/jcsnh/v09/n2/jcsnh-v09-n2-ind-051.pdf

As stated, at henge complexes or standing stone circles each outlier away from the centre hub will produce a number related to its distance and another related to its angle around from north. Both forms of derived values are number codes. The same holds true of Continental European and Mediterranean sites or others on far-flung continents across the world, all the way to New Zealand at the far ends of the Earth.

So, with that and all the foregoing in mind, let's explore what the Durrington Walls shafts were built for.

With each and every structure in the outer landscape around the henge relating back, in a surveying sense to the centre hub by coded distance and angle numbers, it doesn't take much of a stretch of the imagination to consider that the lately discovered shafts encircling Durrington Walls Henge were, equally, markers of specialised code-bearing positions.

Firstly, we've got to determine the position that constituted the architecturally designed, centre position or benchmark of Durrington walls Henge and our archaeologists have never actually provided this definitive information with absolute precision. Ancient society, before commencing building the huge, encircling embankment walls would have indelibly marked the centre of the site and there should be extant evidence of the position somewhere under the topsoil. It's crucial to find that spot before attempting to decipher what the henge was used for, as the distance and angle to all outliers resolve back to that spot.

Like at Avebury Henge, there should have been a very tall obelisk or post marking a circle centre, the height of which was well above the henge embankment walls and viewable from far-off. At Avebury Henge, a tall obelisk at the centre of the southern circle reached about 17-feet into the air and could be seen for miles away, from many vantage points around the outer landscape.

As stated, Henges or standing stone circles will always be positioned based upon a primary or secondary point of the 360-degree compass. Somewhere on the horizon there will be a geological feature (mountain peak or prominent "V" in the landscape, etc.) that gives a very accurate reading on due north, south, east or west or the secondary positions of 45, 135, 225, 315-degrees respectively. This is an absolute rule ... no such complex can function unless very accurate degree angles are obtainable from a marked benchmark centre that orientates onto eternally intact, outlying geological features situated at primary or secondary points of the compass.

Barbury Castle, considered to be a hillfort from the Iron Age, sits perfectly due north (360-degrees), centre-to-centre, from Durrington Walls Henge. This hillfort is located on the high Ridgeway (861-feet elevation), with commanding views and wide vistas in all directions. Due to its very elevated position, 20-miles to the north, it should have been detectable from the henge embankment or a close-by interim hill. The henge embankment sits at 351-feet above sea level, whereas Barbury Castle hill achieves 500-feet of additional height.

The surveying evidence would suggest that the architectural and surveying choice of epicentre position for constructing Durrington Walls Henge was fully contingent upon the crown of this high northern hill near Swindon.

The easting for Durrington Walls Henge appears to have been the centre dip of this hill 3.24-miles due east.

Where the northing and easting lines cross at Durrington Walls Henge would have established the surveying epicentre from which the entire henge was set out and built. There would have, undoubtedly, been both easting and northing markers (posts/obelisks) erected on the embankments of the henge for accurate, ongoing 360-degree orientation from the centre in all weathers. This easting hillock is about 200-feet higher than the terrain around it and 250-feet higher than the henge wall.

The true centre, based upon the northing and easting fixes should reside at approximately 51 11 32.95 N 1 47 11.54 W

For its northing, the centre of Dowth Henge fixes onto high Slieve Gullion Mountain peak in County Amagh.

There are no published coordinate figures to be found on the Internet for the 20 positions of newly found shafts circuiting Durrington Walls from the north to the west to the south. There are, however, very accurate map drawings of the shaft positions and these have been embedded as transparencies into Google Earth, then sized with care to fit roads, rivers, buildings and other prominent landmark features, sufficient to attain excellent placement accuracy.

The Google Earth tool for embedding these maps as transparencies, then manipulating them for very accurate overlays can be found at:

We will assume that the the semi-circuit of shafts is at least relatively complete from south to west to north and that the archaeologists have located pretty-much all the large diameter shafts that were anciently built for those sectors.

Thumb-nail markers show where each of the 20 shafts are located on the Durrington Walls landscape. Added to that, another overlayed map provided the accurate positions of the two pond or pit positions of the Greater Cursus These are yet more structures for which no officially-released coordinates are available on the Internet.

The lower of the two pictures was taken into Google Earth as a transparency overlay and carefully manipulated to fit the many map features and make them coincide precisely with the Google Earth landscape. The coordinates of the pond-pits at the west and east ends of the Cursus were then identified.

Because the academic community will not release all of the coordinates to researchers, despite several requests sent to the pertinent universities involved, we have little recourse but to extract them ourselves and there might, thereby, be very small amounts of drift of a few feet off the centres provided in the maps. However, the accuracy achieved should be sufficient to recognise the distance and angle numbers the ancient architects and tutors wished to encode into each shaft position.

Inasmuch as our leading-lights maintain an eternal defeatist attitude about the purpose of the shafts, Stonehenge or a myriad of other structures of the Megalithic Age, in openly stating: 'We will never know what these were built for', they surely won't mind independent researchers taking a punt, dabble or stab at it.

Because the Durrington Walls outlier shaft diameters achieved up to 15-metres (50-feet) of width, close proximity distances like 1050-feet or 1056-feet could be accommodated as "ace-in-the-hole" hits between shafts. Likewise, degree angle codes like 75 or 75.6-degrees might resolve within the same relatively spacious dimensions, from source to target shafts, as there was sufficient leeway provided to place slightly variable vectors of distance and angle.

The purpose of the path between shafts was, undoubtedly, to teach groupings of close proximity length or angle codes at each station along the way. These special scientific numbers and their meanings then had to be memorised by grueling rote & repetition (comparable to the times-tables from hell).

So, here's the theoretical scenario for commencement of the trail-blazing orienteering exercise:

The students congregate at the centre of Durrington Walls and are assigned to navigate themselves 3600-feet SSE on an angle of 156.25-degrees. Their objective is shaft 1A. They take a reading on due north, then set their 360-degree calibrated disk to comply. They then swivel their alidade sighting rule onto 156.25-degrees and head off in that direction to their target destination. They can continue to use the centre obelisk of the henge for orientation, as well as other known landmark trigs around the skyline for triangulation fixes.

REVEALING THE ANCIENT NUMBERS USED TO DESRIBE THE EQUATORIAL CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE EARTH

Upon arrival at their first objective the tutor expounds upon the merits of the number 3600 and also the degree angle code of 156.25, revealing their special meaning within the parcel of scientific numbers.

The distance can also be read as the close proximity numbers, 3628.8', 3645', or 3652.5', respectively.

A tutorial about a close proximity angle back to the henge centre of 336-degrees (as opposed to 156.25 + 180 = 336.25) could also be elaborated upon.

Here is the mathematical progression for the distance reading (3600-feet ... reduced to 36) in this first tutorial and we'll touch upon the merits of only a few of them:

36, 72, 108, 144, 180, 216, 252, 288, 324, 360, 396, 432, 468, 504, 540, 576, 612, 648, 684, 720, 756, 792, 828, 864, 900, 972, 1008 ... 1152 ... 1296 ... 1620 ... 1728 ... 1944 ... 2016 ... 2268 ... 3456 ... 25920 ... etc.

This string contained navigational numbers of great importance, like the length of the Great Pyramid (756-feet), which is 1/8th of 1-minute of equatorial arc of the world's circumference. Also in the lineup is 1008 and the sum of 100.8' was 1-second of equatorial arc. That same value was found at Stonehenge, where one cross measure of the Sarsen Circle, inner-lintel-to-inner-lintel, was 100.8-feet. The 90-degrees opposed cross measure, inner-lintel-to-inner-lintel, was 100-feet, which produced the circumference value of PI X 100 or 314.16-feet.

Many ancient stone circles of Britain were very slightly oval to achieve slightly different, 90-degrees opposed cross measures and thereby produce two diameter codes from the same circle.

Also at Stonehenge, the lengths of each horizontal lying lintel was 11.52-feet and there were 30 lintels, producing a circumference of 345.6-feet. The ancient reading for the equatorial circumference of the Earth was 12 X 12 X 12 X 12 X 1.2-miles or 24883.2-miles, of which 345.6-miles is 1/72nd segment or 1/2 of 1-degree of equatorial arc.

Also in the lineup is 25920 and the Precession of the Equinoxes, a long enduring wobble in the Earth, takes 25920-years to complete one circuit (360 X 72-years). The distance from the centre of Stonehenge to the outer face of the Heel Stone is 259.2-feet.

Also in the lineup the value of 216 is highlighted and, during the Precession of the Equinoxes, the sun spends 2160-years in each house of the zodiac. The sum of 2160 cubic inches was the capacity of the ancient British Standard Bushel volume, which eventually drifted to a slightly different reading, after more modern mathematicians forgot the exact formula by which bushel tubs for the marketplace were fabricated.

Anciently, amongst all the cousin civilisations of Britain, Continental Europe and the Mediterranean, all standard volume capacities or grain weight's standards had to encode a special scientific number in cubic inches or counts of grains.

There is a large body of evidence, lately supported by advances in genetic science, that the people of Europe migrated from the increasingly arid shores of the Southern Mediterranean and Egypt into the verdant new lands of Europe, starting in about 5000 BC. The ice-age glaciers had receded and vast forests, teeming with life, stood in their stead on vast arable lands. Rivers, lakes and sea coasts provided abundant food resources. See: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/ancient-egyptians-europeans-related-claims-a7763866.html

Early Irish traditions, as well as those of other groups throughout the British Isles, speak of former residence for their people in Egypt and its Mediterranean satellite countries, from whence bagpipes, harps, kilts, language roots, cultural symbolism and even the venerable oak-tree or the Stone of Scone (upon which generations of Irish, Scottish and English monarchs received their coronations) have their origins. In support of these longterm oral and written traditions, leading physical anthropologist, Professor C. S. Coon of Harvard University, wrote in 1939:

"A true and valid similarity, however, may be found between the English Long Barrow series and early skulls from al'Urbaid in Sumeria, which, whether belonging to the fourth or third millennium B.C., are in either case older than their British counterparts. The only difference which prevents identity is that the Mesopotamian faces and noses are somewhat longer" (p. 112 of Races of Europe, Macmillan, New York, 1939).

On page 83 he wrote: "It can be shown that Sumerians who lived over 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia are almost identical in skull and face form with living Englishmen and that pre-dynastic Egyptian skulls can be matched both in a seventeenth century London plague pit and in Neolithic cist graves in Switzerland."

The "waymark trails" of this ancient exodus from Egypt and Israel, marked by standing stones, cairns, dolmens, mounds and stone circles, extends along the top of North Africa to the Pillars of Hercules, where the ancient migrants crossed the narrow Mediterranean straits to Gibraltar. The waymark trails further extend along the Atlantic coast to France and Scandinavia in the north and towards the British Isles to the west. Other trails, marked in similar fashion, extend to China and Korea (See: Palestine, by Major C. R. Condor, R. E. Phillip & Son, 1889 pp. 142-157; See also: Across The Jordan, by Gottlieb Schumacher, Richard Bently & Son, 1886).

The notion that the pyramids of Egypt were built in circa 2600 BC is of course ridiculous, as evidenced by such things as the vertical water erosion channels of the Sphinx.

This was pointed out in the 1990s by American researcher John Anthony West and further verified by Dr Robert Schoch and a host of geologists, much to the chagrin of establishment archaeologists. The erosion channels could only have occurred well prior to 10,000 BC when Egypt was very wet savannah country. The overwhelming evidence suggests that the Great Pyramid was built contemporaneously to the Sphinx and could be 15 to 20 thousand years old.

It seems apparent that the Giza Plateau and its edifices was an ancient Bureau of Standards and there will be quite a bit of reference back to the pyramids of Egypt and their dimensions as this article proceeds.

156.25, 312.5, 468.75, 625, 781.25, 937.5, 1093.75, 1250, 1406.25, 1562.5, 1718.75, 1875, 2031.25, 2187.5, 2343.75, 2500 ... 2812.5 ... 3437.5 ... 3750 ... 4375 ... 5156.25 ... 5625 ... 6250 ... 6875 ... 11250 ...20625.

The Egyptians had 3 Royal cubits, one @ 20.618-inches (Turin Museum collection), another @ 20.625-inches (found by Petrie) and a third @ 20.736-inches (found on the paving slab dimensions of the Great Pyramid).

The above progression relates to measurements of the Earth's equatorial circumference using the 20.625-inch cubit. The existence of this Royal Cubit is confirmed by the careful measurements of Sir William Flinders Petrie in the King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid. Petrie concluded that the room was built according to a cubit of 20.620 inches, plus or minus .005 of an inch. The upper scale of his estimate is, therefore, 20.625 inches (see The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, by Sir William Flinders Petrie).

These cubits, which were shared by other cousin civilisations, were not used for construction in the sense of a builder's rule, as each marked segment or calibration found on them was different in length to every other. These cubits were mnemonic devices bearing codes set out in inches or fractions thereof, from the lower left corner and along the base to an inwards segment line. The first segment gives the PHI ratio (1.6180339" to 1); measuring from the left-hand corner to the 2nd segment gives PI (3.1416" to 1) and so forth.

The overall length of each of the 3 cubits is for mnemonic reference to the size of the Earth and the formula is, for the largest one, 20.376 X 1200 = 24883.2; the midrange one 20.625 X 1200 = 24750 and the shortest one (20.61818182 actual... 20 & 34/55ths) X 1200 = 24741 & 8/11ths.

The final figure arrived at in each case had to be read as "miles" of 5280-feet ("11" number family) ... which became the English mile or a "mile" of 5250-feet (the 6&7 number families combined) ... which much later became the Greek mile).

Each cubit represented a different navigational system in ancient usage. The first gave an equatorial circumference reading of 24883.2-miles (of 5280-feet); the second gave a reading of 24750-miles (of 5280-feet) and the 3rd gave a reading of 24741.1818-miles (of 5280-feet, which is also exactly 24883.2 Greek miles of 5250-feet).

Under the 20.625-inch navigational system, the equatorial circumference generated was 24750-miles of 5280-feet each or 130680000-feet. This equated to 76032000 Royal Cubits of 20.625-inches.

The above mathematical progression, based upon 156.25, provides fractions when reading the Earth's circumference as 24750-miles of 5280-feet. Thus 24750 ÷ 156.25 = 158.4-miles.

When distances are read according to the 20.625-inch cubits, they can be converted back to 5280-feet fractions, thus 20625-feet ÷ 156.25 = 132-feet or 1/40th of a mile. There would be 3072 Royal Cubits of 20.625-inches in a mile of 5280-feet.

Interestingly, the length of Noah's Ark was said to be 300 cubits and, if this "11" family of numbers based cubit was used, that would equate to 515.625'. If this value was read as 515.625 miles, it would equate to 1/48th of the 24750-mile equatorial reading.

The students now recalculate their position and traipse 1080-feet westwards @ 250.4-degrees (70.4-degrees return).

Upon arrival at the new objective the tutorial related to the distance and angle numbers is contained within the following mathematical progression:

1080, 2160, 3240, 4320, 5400, 6480, 7560, 8640, 9720, 10800, 11880, 12960, 14040, 15120, 16200, 17280, 19440, 20250, 21600, 22680, 23760, ... 25920 ... 29160, 30240 ...34560 ... 45360 ... 51840 ... 130680000.

This progression relates to both navigation and the Precession of the Equinoxes. The sun spends 2160-years in each of the Houses of the Zodiac during the 25920-year (72 X 360) cycle of Precession. This means we have to change our calendar date for the equinox event 1-day every 72-years to keep in line with the actual vernal equinox day. The ancient Sumerian/Babylonian Homer volume was 21600 cubic inches, the old English Bushel was 1/10th of that @ 2160 cubic inches, the diameter of the moon is 2160 English miles, whereas the diameter of the sun is essentially 864,000-miles.

In our ages-old Sumerian compass system there are 60-seconds, 60-minutes & 360-degrees, totaling 1296000-seconds of arc. The sum of 12960-years would be the half cycle of the Precession of the Equinoxes. A cubic foot is 12 X 12 X 12 cubic inches or 1728 cu". Values like 756, 1512, 2268 and 3024 describe 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 or a full circumnavigation of the Great Pyramid's base and 3024-feet was 1/2 of 1-minute of equatorial arc.

The progression advances to finally generate the value 130680000' (the equatorial circumference of the Earth under the 5280' mile system).

The merits of distances of 1036.8, 1050' and 1056' would also be elaborated upon as close proximity distance codes. Also the return angle of 70.875-degrees. A string based upon 10368 goes:

10368, 20736, 31104, 41472, 51840, 62208, 72576, 82944, 93312, 103680, 114048, 124416, etc. The progression advances to produce 24883.2 which, in miles, was the 12 X 12 X 12 X 12 X 1.2 equatorial circumference of the Earth.

In the above line-up, the value 1036.8 (1/24th of 24883.2) tells us how fast the Earth rotates in miles per hour (mph). The largest Egyptian Royal cubit was 20.736", the sum of 3110.4-miles would be 1/8th of the equatorial circumference, whereas 12441.6-miles would be 1/2. The value 933120 grains was very important to the Sumerians/Babylonians, as their Talent weight standard.

The return angle (180-degrees opposed) for this journey between shafts is 70.4-degrees and this is a value related to the mile of 5280-feet and also the equatorial circumference under the 24750 reading.. The mathematical progression for this goes:

70.4, 140.8, 211.2, 281.6, 352, 422.4, 492.8, 563.2, 633.6, 704, 774.4, 844.8, 915.2, 985.6, 1056 ... 5280 ... 130680000.

The sum of 70.4-feet is 1/75th of 5280-feet and 352-feet is 1/15th. The sum of 1056-feet is 1/5th of a mile and each of the above values are fractions of either the English mile of 5280-feet, the Scottish mile of 5940-feet or the league of 16500-feet (3.125-miles).

The progression advances to finally generate the value 130680000' (the equatorial circumference of the Earth in feet under the 5280' mile system).

The distance from the centre of Durrington walls Henge to the centre of Stonehenge is 10368-feet, encoding the value for the speed of rotation of the Earth in miles per hour. Therefore, 24883.2-miles ÷ 24 hours = 1036.8 mph.

'The Stirling Jug, Pint or Stoup was the official Pint measure for Scotland from the early 16th century until the Union in 1707. It is 103.7 cubic inches or approximately 3 and a quarter imperial pints. The Stirling pint was the standard for all volume measures including the dry goods measures for grain. The pint is thought to have been made in 1513 at Edinburgh Castle by Robert Borthwick (the King's Master Gun Maker). The technology for making such an accurate measure was not available until that time. The image on the front of the jug is thought to be a pascal lamb, which was not acceptable after the reformation, and in later versions this was changed to a wolf - the symbol of Stirling. Transferred to The Smith Museum in 1897'.

Under the ancient Jerusalem standard for liquid volume capacities (wine, olive oil, etc.) 1 Cab volume was 103.68 cubic inches. This was also the cubic capacity of the old, Scottish Stirling jug, used for dispensing standard quantities of ale. The pascal lamb image (lamb sacrificed at the Feast of the Passover by the Hebrews before the Babylonian conquest of circa 600 BC) on the Stirling Jug also infers a pedigree back to the ancient Hebrew Cab volume.

1050, 2100, 3150, 4200, 5250, 6300, 7350, 8400, 9450, 10500, 11550, 12600, 13650, 14700, 15750, 16800, 17850, 18900, 19950, 21000, etc. The progression goes on to generate 2551.5, 2835, 5250, 6300, etc.

This value, as 10.5' or 126" was the Hebrew Reed, as well as a reed equivalent increment used under the measurement system adopted by the Greeks, with their foot being of 12.6" (1/10th of a reed).

The value 2551.5 in days would equate to 7.2 lunar years and this value was essential to tracking the moon during 7-solar years (2556.75-days) under the lunisolar Sabbatical Calendar system. The increment 5.25-feet (half a Hebrew Reed of 10.5-feet would have been very useful for mnemonic reference to this and it's highly probable that the forebears of the Druids had calibrated staffs that were 5.25-feet long. Thus 5.25-days X 486 = 2551.5 and 5.25-days X 487 = 2556.75-days.

The 2835 figure represents the perimeter total, in feet, for a full circumnavigation of the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt (a pyramid of the moon), conceived and built to be 708.75' per side or 15/16th the side length of the Great Pyramid (756-feet). Half of 708.75 is 354.375 and that just happens to be, in days, the length of a lunar year to a very close tolerance of under 12-minutes. The 354.375 value is encoded many times between shaft positions situated out from Durrington Walls Henge.

The 5250 figure is the Greek mile and 6300' would be 10 Greek long stadia or stadiums. The sprint event, over 1-stadia of 630-feet, was the most prestigious of the Greek Olympics.

1056, 2112, 3168, 4224, 5280, 6336, 7392, 8448, 9504, 10560, 11616, 12672, 13728, 14784, 15840, etc. The progression would generate a raft of important values like 2640, 6336, 7920, etc., all the way to the equatorial circumference of the Earth in feet. The sum of 1056' would be 1/5th of a mile of 5280-feet and 1584-miles would be 1/5th of the Earth's diameter (7920-miles).

The progression advances to finally generate the value 130680000' (the equatorial circumference of the Earth under the 5280' mile system).

The students recalibrate their surveying instruments in order to head off for 504-feet @ 256-degrees.

Also, the merits of 518.4' would be elaborated upon, as well as a return angle of 76.8-degrees.

504, 1008, 1512, 2016, 2520, 3024, 3528, 4032, 4536, 5040, 5544, 6048, 6552, 7056, 7560, 8064, 8568, 9072, ... 10080 ... 12096 ... 12600 ... 13608 ... 22680 ... 27216 ... etc.

The sum of 100.8-feet was 1-second of arc for the equatorial circumference of the Earth under the Great Pyramid's literal navigational system. The Great Pyramid was 756-feet long, which was 100.8 feet X 7.5. By making one full circumnavigation of the Great Pyramid, one had traveled 3024-feet or 1/2 of 1-minute of equatorial arc. Two circumnavigations was, of course, 1-minute of arc or 6048-feet and this value X 60 gave 1-degree of arc for the world's equator (6048 X 60 = 362880-feet or 69.12 of the "mile" adopted by the Greeks (with a length of 5250-feet each or 5000 Greek feet of 12.6-inches).

Also, in all history, the Great Pyramid has never been seen to have a pointed capstone on top, but has always been a truncated pyramid. The flat altar floor on top sits at 453.6-feet or 4.5 seconds of arc vertical height. The 756-feet length of the Great Pyramid is also 9072-inches or 453.6-inches X 2 and that equates to 264 of the shortest of the Egyptian Royal cubits @ 20.61818182-inches (20 & 34/55ths).

The formula for calculating the length of this cubit is 756-feet (9072-inches) ÷ by 440 = 20.61818182-inches. As stated, this length X 1200 (with the result read as miles) represented the Earth's equatorial circumference under the Great Pyramid's navigational system. The value arrived at was either 24741 & 8/11ths English miles of 5280-feet or 24883.2 Greek miles of 5250-feet.

The degree angle from station "i" to station 2A is 256-degrees and a mathematical progression based upon this goes:

256, 512, 768, 1024, 1280, 1536, 1792, 2048, 2304, 2560, 2816, 3072, 3328, 3584, 3840, 4096, 4352, 4608 ... 5888 ... 6400 ... 6912 ... 9216 ... 11520 ... 13824 ... etc.

Again, this string is navigational coding using the 130636800-feet equatorial circumference (24883.2 Greek miles of 5250-feet each). For example, 130636800-feet ÷ 13824 = 9450-feet. Alternatively, the value 24883.2-miles (either Greek or English) ÷ 13824 = 1.8 -miles. The string was simply another means of calculating divisions within the equatorial circumference.

The values, 2304, 4608, and 11520 are part of the 11.52 progression that was important to the Stonehenge outer rim, coded measurement of the Sarsen Circle (11.52-feet X 30-lintels = 345.6-feet). As stated, 345.6-miles would equate to 1/72nd of the 24883.2-mile equatorial circumference of the Earth.

By adding another 14.4-feet to the 504-feet reading between shafts, the distance would be the close proximity value of 518.4-feet and its merits could be elucidated upon by the tutor at the same shaft station. A progression based upon 518.4 would go:

518.4, 1036.8, 15552, 2073.6, 2592, 3110.4, 3628.8, 4147.2, 4665.6, 5184 ... 6220.8 ... 7776 ... 9331.2 ... 12441.6 ... 24883.2.

The value 51.84 is one of the most important and prominent of antiquity, used in navigational computations, as well as divisions within the Precession of the Equinoxes duration (25920-years ÷ 5 = 5184).

It is also the slope angle of the Great Pyramid of Egypt (51.84-degrees) and features in computing the area of terrain covered by the Great Pyramid's base, which is 72 X 72 reeds of 10.5-feet each = 5184 square reeds.

One of 5 renditions of PI (3.1416 to 1) used in ancient computation for full figure readings of a circumference was 1728/550ths. Others were 22/7ths, 3.125 or 3.15. The value chosen depended on what number family or combined families one wished to use when rendering a diameter into a circumference. When turning an "11" family of numbers into a circumference, such as the league of 16500-feet (3.125-miles of 5280-feet each) the formula was 16500-feet X 1728/550ths (3.141818182) = 51840.

This kind of computation was essential to positional plotting at sea, as legs of travel under one of the navigational systems were done in leagues of 16500-feet. When the motive power or push to get a ship to a destination was dependant on the wind, one could rarely sail directly to a desired port, but had to constantly tack back and forth across a leyline throughout the entire journey. The highly experienced navigator could tell when a "league" or several leagues of travel had been completed and would record the distance and angle on the plotting chart before completion of the next zig or zag across the leyline. With each league producing 51840-feet of circumference the value was perfectly divisible by 360-degrees (51840 ÷ 360 = 144-feet per degree of arc travel. With simple calipers and a scaled rule, the navigator could quite easily calculate the angle pack to the port of departure and angle to the destination, despite many course changes as the ship zig-zagged back-and-forth over leylines.

The ancient values used show us how positional plotting and dead reckoning were done by ancient navigators at sea.

In the above mathematical progression, the value 2073.6 can refer to the fact that the ancient people used an Egyptian Royal cubit of 20.736-inches. The value, 3110.4-miles was 1/8th of the equatorial circumference of the Earth of 24883.2 miles or 45-degrees of arc. The value 3628.8 refers to the fact that 1-degree of arc was 362880-feet (full circumference 130680000-feet under this navigational method). The value 12441.6 is, of course, the half value of 24883.2.

As an added piece of information, the angle 51.84 can stand in as a close proxy substitute for PHI (1.6184339 to 1) when computing the area that the top section of the Great Pyramid achieves as opposed to the base area it covers.

If one uses simple trigonometry to work out the side length of the full, pointed-top pyramid that included the theoretical, non-existent capstone, the length to the centre apex would be (Adj. ÷ 51.84 Cos.) = 611.7894615 feet.
Alternatively, if one used a PHI method of Adj. (378 feet) X PHI (1.6180339) = 611.6168142 feet.
It will be observed that the calculated PHI length is only about 2 inches less than the length achieved by straight trigonometry. The ancient astronomer/ mathematicians were coding a PHI related angle for the Great Pyramid simultaneously to the standard angle of 51.84-degrees. The whole edifice was designed to clearly code PHI relationships. For example:

Let's consider the Great Pyramid on the basis of PHI and the ratio relationship (in pyramid acres of 28800 square feet) between the 4 faces, compared to the ground area that the Great Pyramid covers.
The surface area of each face of the theoretical full pyramid, complete with a (symbolic) pointed capstone, = 611.6168142 feet of side length X 378 feet (1/2 the base length) = 231191.11558 square feet.

Because there are 4 faces, their combined square footage amounts to 924764.6231 square feet. This translates to 32.10988275 pyramid acres of 28800 square feet each (identified in the writings of Herodotus).
The base area measured 756 feet X 756 feet or 571536 feet, which equated to 19.845 pyramid acres of 28800 sq. ft each. A perfect PHI relationship exists between this (symbolic capstone included) total side acreage and that of the base: 32.10988275 ÷ 19.845 = 1.6180339 (PHI).

The distance is 226.8-feet and the angle is 267.5-degrees (return angle = 87.5-degrees).

226.8, 453.6, 680.4, 9072, 1134, 1360.8, 1587.6, 1814.4, 2041.2, 2268, 2494.8, 2721.6 ...3402, 3628.8 ... 5443.2, 5670 ... 6804, etc.

The sum of 3 sides of the Great Pyramid @ 756-feet per side = 2268-feet, which equates to 22.5 seconds of equatorial arc @100.8-feet per second.

In the above mathematical progression 453.6-feet represents the vertical height of the Great Pyramid to the top of its flat altar floor. It had an observatory and surveying platform atop it and that's why masonic depictions of the top section of the pyramid show an eye with a symbolic capstone floating above it, as seen on the USA dollar bill.

The Great Pyramid, in all history, has never been recorded as a full pyramid with a pointed top, but is a truncated pyramid with an altar floor atop it that sat at 453.6-feet of vertical height, which equates to 264 of the Egyptian Royal cubit of 20.61818182". The formula for generating this cubit is to take the 756-feet length of the pyramid's base, convert it to inches (9072") then divide by 440 = 20.61818182-inches. The 453.6-feet height is also 4.5 seconds of equatorial arc @ 100.8-feet per second.

In the above mathematical progression is the value 1134 (half of 2268). The Greek historian, Herodotus asked Egyptian priests how long the Great Pyramid was and was told 800-feet. We know it is 756 English feet of 12-inches, so the foot the Egyptian priests were talking about would have been 11.34-inches. The Station Stones rectangle at Stonehenge measures 264-feet long by 113.4-feet wide. The sum of 264-feet is 1/20th of a mile of 5280-feet.

The 113.4-feet relates in a dynamic way to the long enduring lunar nutation cycle, as it moves from lunar major standstill-to lunar minor standstill, then back to lunar major standstill. This takes 6798.36-days (18.613-years), but the number shown is not factorable or able to be broken down fluidly into fractions (halved, quartered, etc., into usable increments). Because of this, ancient astronomer-mathematicians called this cycle 6804-days and encoded this value into their edifices or overland alignment structures. The value chosen for reading the cycle was so close to the real duration that it meant less than a minute of time in error for a lunar month. Therefore 6804-days ÷ 1134 = 6. This provided a means of reading the positions of the moon throughout the cycle in terms of months, weeks, days and hours on ancient parapegma plaques like the lunisolar Calendar of Coligny.

The southern circle at Avebury Henge has a design diameter of 340.2-feet and the same holds true of the standing stone circle at the Ring 'o Brodgar, Orkney Islands, Scotland. The 3402 value represents the half cycle within the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle. It is also encoded into the "inch" value reading for 1 circumnavigation of the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt (708.75-feet per side or 2835-feet for a full circuit) The 2835-feet around the Khafre Pyramid = 34020-inches.

The return degree angle for the above shaft-station to shaft-station is 87.5-degrees. A mathematical progression based on this goes:

87.5, 175, 262.5, 350, 437.5, 525, 612.5, 700, 787.5, 875, 962.5, 1050, 1137.5, 1225, 1312.5, 1400, 1487.5, 1575 ... 2100 ... 2800 ... 3150 ... 3675 ... 4725 ... 5250 ... 6300 ... 7087.5, etc.

In ancient society, the astronomer savants amongst the cousin civilisations worked to a very precise lunisolar calendar system called the Sabbatical Calendar. The evidence found on Megalithic-Neolithic sites would suggest that knowledge of that system extends back thousands of years. However, concurrent to the savants staying precisely abreast of the daily journeys of the sun and moon, the farmers needed a simpler system, so we know that some societies worked to a year composed of 13-months of 28-days each (364-days). This was allowed to run for 7-solar years, accruing an error of 1.25-days per year, culminating in 8.75-days of error. At the end of the Sabbatical Year a 9-day festival would commence and intercalary days would be inserted to correct the shortfall error, before the new calendar count got underway.

There are some groups, like the Hebrews, who had a double sabbath day once a year, bringing the total days to 365 and accruing only 1.75-days of error in 7-years. Their intercalary festival, at the end of the Sabbatical Year, would last only 2-days.

Other important values that occur in this string are: 525-feet (the length of a Greek short stadia and 1/10th of a Greek mile), 1050-feet (a Hebrew Reed was 10.5-feet or 10 Greek feet), 5250 (Greek mile), 6300-feet (the long stadia measurement was 630-feet) The distance from the centre of the Octagon' circle (an ancient, huge, geometric earth embankment complex) of Newark, Ohio), to the centre of the equally huge "Great Circle" (Newark showgrounds) earth embankment circle is 6300 feet or 10 long stadia.

The progression advances to provide the number 7087.5. As stated the Khafre Pyramid is 15/16ths the side length of the Great Pyramid in original architectural dimensions, or 708.75-feet and, in days, that would be 2 lunar years.

A line of 7087.5-feet (1.35-Greek miles or 11.25 long stadia) extends from the tall obelisk position at Avebury Henge's southern circle to the entrance of West Kennet Long Barrow. The return angle from the doorway to the obelisk position at Avebury Henge is 354.375-degrees (half of 708.75 and also, in days, the length of a lunar year).

The alignment starts at the plinth that marks where the former high obelisk stood at the centre of Avebury Henge's southern circle, then passes centrally through the southern gate en-route to the entryway line of obelisks at West Kennet Longbarrow. The actual epicentre of Avebury Henge, the position where students would once have congregated to memorise stellar rises and sets occuring atop the outlying, circuiting embankment, is now covered by roading or a building.

The 7087.5-feet line resolves to the entryway obelisks, which are in a line angled at 354.375-degrees back to the formerly giant obelisk at Avebury Henge ... that could be seen for miles around the henge.

Although this laboriously built, chambered mound (roof removed in this schematic to show the internal structure) is considered by our archaeologists to have been conceived as a tomb for the dead, it obviously was built as a shelter or dormitory for groups of students engaged in orienteering-navigation quests. Composed as it is of about 5 large rooms off a central corridor, it was assuredly built for the living and not the dead. The fact that late era people, after the open-air university fell into decline, found it a convenient place to stow some cadavers, rather than dig graves, is irrelevant to the original purpose.

The "V" at Hoy Island, as seen from the centre of the Ring 'o Brodgar in the Orkney Islands. The "V" acted as as a permanent surveying fix position or benchmark and as one of two major geological features that determined where the precise centre of Ring o' Brodgar had to be. The return angle from the trough of the "V" between Ward Hill (left) and Cuilags Hill (right) was 35.4375-degrees return (35 & 7/16ths ... or 1/10th of a lunar year in days). The winter solstice sunset afterglow or "last glint" at that high northern lattitude is in the "V" trough.

The "V" also determined exactly where Maes Howe chambered cairn was placed, with its doorway sitting 8 ancient Scottish miles (of 5940') or 9 English miles (of 5280') from the trough of the "V" on Hoy @ 224-degrees azimuth or 44-degrees return. From this very exact fix point on Hoy, ancient surveyors, setting up their manual theodolites atop Maes Howe chambered cairn, could use the "V" fix point (at precisely 224-degrees azimuth) for setting their 360-degree calibrated disc. After that they could achieve perfect readings onto any other targets around the horizon. Across the expansive, Orkney, Open-air-university there were numerous chambered cairns or mounds, similar to West Kennet Longbarrow in England, where students of navigation, out-and-about on orienteering quests, could shelter from the intense cold of northern Scotland. (Photo courtesy of: http://www.mrtattieheid.com/index.htm).

336, 672, 1008, 1344, 1680, 2016, 2352, 2688, 3024, 3360, 3696, 4032, 4368, 4704, 5040, 5376, 5712, 6048 ... 6720 ... 9072 ... 25200, etc.

In the above lineup the sum of 100.8-feet would be 1-second of equatorial arc, 3024-feet would be the distance covered for 1 circumnavigation of the Great Pyramid and half a minute of arc, 6048 would be 1-minute of arc, 9072-inches would be the length of 1 side of the Great Pyramid, 25.2-inches would be 2 Greek feet of 12.6-inches each or 1 Assyrian cubit, etc.

All of the above will be perfect whole number fractions of the equatorial size of the Earth for the Great Pyramid's literal navigational system, rendered in feet. Thus, 130636800-feet (24883.2 Greek miles of 5250-feet) ÷ 6048 = 43200.

The degree angle is in homage to the 5280-feet mile system of navigation (the "11" number family, used in ancient England and Scotland as elsewhere, with the ancient Scottish mile being 5940-feet).

66, 132, 198, 264, 330, 396, 462, 528, 594, 660, 726, 792, 858, 924, 990, 1056, etc. The progression advances to 5280, 5940, 7920, 16500, and ultimately to 130680000-feet for the equatorial circumference of the Earth under the English mile of 5280' or Scottish mile of 5940'.

In the above line-up of numbers, 66-feet would be an ancient English chain, 660-feet would be a furlong or furrowlong, 5280-feet an English mile, 5940-feet a Scottish mile, 16500-feet an ancient English league (3.125-miles of 5280-feet), 16.5-feet would be a rod or perch (3 merchant navy fathoms of 5.5-feet ... still in use in the early 20th century) and 7920-miles would be the diameter of the Earth.

337.5, 675, 1012.5, 1350, 1687.5, 2025, 2362.5, 2700, 3037.5, 3375 ... 4050 ... 4725 ... 5062.5, 5400 ... 6075 ... 7087.5 ... 11812.5, etc.

The string relates mainly to lunar coding and there would be 3.5 X 101.25-days in a lunar year of 354.375-days. In the 2835-feet circuit around the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt (a pyramid of the moon ... 708.75-feet per side) there would be 28 increments of 101.25-feet. The sum of 118.125-days = 4 lunar months of 29.53125-days (29 & 17/32nds) ... accurate to a tolerance of less than a minute in time per lunar month.

The Khafre Pyramid was also built as 2 back-to-back 3-4-5 triangles founded upon lunar coding. Half the base length was 354.375-feet (118.125 X 3), The design, vertical height was 472.5 feet (118.125 X 4) and the diagonal slope, side length was 590.625-feet (118.125 X 5).

The distance is 506.25-feet and the angle is 277.7777-degrees. The merits of 280-degrees would also have featured in the tutorial.

277.77777, 555.55555, 833.33333, 1111.11111, 1388.88888, 1666.66666, 1944.44444, 2222.22222, 2500.

The ancient mathematicians were using all of the number families for their calculations, including dividing up in 7ths. Thus a much favoured form of PI, essential to whole number reading on a circumference, was 22/7 or the complex reading of 3.14285714.

The above angle could also have been read as 280-degrees, shaft-to-shaft, generating the following progression:

This kind of progression, starting at the number 7, was the basis of the peasant farmer's solar calendar count of 7 days a week, 14-days for a bi-week, 28-days for an agrarian month and 13-months in a year, culminating in 364-days for a roll-over year that accrued 1.25-days of error per annum. The shortfall was corrected at the end of the Sabbatical Year (7th year), during a festival of 8.75-days (9-days).

The string also contains important values that feature prominently in traditional weights standards. There are 20 hundredweight (112-pounds) in a ton (2240-pounds) and 14-pounds in a stone, etc.

This string is easily identified as intervals of 1/8th, 1/4th, 1/2 and the full duration of the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle. The interval of 2551.5-days is, of course the lunar period of 7.2-lunar years that is monitored alongside 2556.75-days (7 solar years of 365.25-days each) under the Sabbatical Calendar system.

The angle of 118.125 is in homage to 4 lunar months of 29.53125-days. On the Calendar of Coligny brass plaque found in France in the late 19th century, readings could be done over 1890 days. Of this the solar count was 1890 ÷ 63 = 30-days for a solar month or 1890 ÷ 64 = 29.53125-days for a lunar month. Note also, the Great Pyramid length is 756-feet or 189-feet X 4 and 756-feet = 25.6 X 29.53125-feet.

The distance is 550-feet and the angle is 295.3125-degrees or a return angle also read as 115.2-degrees.

550, 1100, 1650, 2200, 2750, 3300, 3850, 4400, 4950, 5500, 6050, 6600 ... 7700 ... 8800 ... 9900 ... 14850 ... 16500, etc.

The length of the Great Pyramid could be read as either 756-feet (literal) or 756.25-feet (symbolic ... 3-inches longer). At 756-feet 1-minute of equatorial arc for the Earth was 6048-feet (2 circumnavigations of the Great Pyramid or 12 X 12 X 12 X 12 X 1.2 miles of 5250-feet (24883.2-Greek miles ...130636800-feet).

However, if the pyramid was considered to be 3-inches longer (undoubtedly marked as such in the paving slabs at the base) one minute of equatorial arc was 6050-feet (24750 English-miles of 5280-feet ... 130680000-feet).

These were the two main navigational methods employed in antiquity, one based upon the numbers 6&7 combined (5250-feet mile) and the other based upon the "11" family of numbers (5280-feet mile).

In the above lineup, 5.5-feet was the ancient merchant navy fathom into the 20th century, 66-feet is the chain measurement, 660-feet is the furlong or furrowlong and 16500-feet is the ancient league (3.125-miles).

The angle is the very important value related to the lunar month. With a tiny variation, the return angle, 180-degrees opposed, would be read as 115.2-degrees. Under the 24883.2-mile assignment the sum of 115.2-miles would be 1/216th of the equatorial circumference.

The merits of 560-feet would also have featured in the tutorials related to the distances between these 2 shafts, as well as 562.5-feet.

560, 1120, 1680, 2240, 2800, 3360, 3920, 4480, 5040, 5600 ... 6720 ... 10080 ... 14000 ... 15120 ... 30240, etc.

Again, we generate values used in traditional weights standard, as well as navigation. The Aubrey circle at Stonehenge was made up of 56 post markers and that value is very convenient for calculating lunar periods within the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle. Therefore: 6804 ÷ 56 = 121.5-days.

562.5, 1125, 1687.5, 2250 ... 4500 ... 6187.5 ... 9000 ... 11812.5 ...18000 ... 19687.5 ... 24750 ... 27000 ... 35437.5 ... 36000.

It can be seen that this string contains very important numbers in the 360-degree angle system, as well as lunar codes.

In the above lineup is the value 6187.5. The base length per side of the Bent Pyramid of Egypt was 618.75-feet, for a full perimeter value of 2475-feet. This coded the 24750-mile equatorial circumference under the navigational system that used an English mile of 5280'. The official length measurement is 188.6 metres for the Bent Pyramid's base, which translates to 618.75-feet.

Also, the value 19687.5 occurs in the above string. Under the ancient gold standard adopted by the Egyptians 196.875-grains was the weight of 1 Beqa of gold. The value of the Roman Uncia is 2 Egyptian Beqa (a gold weight standard value used in the Nubian goldfields and adopted by several civilisations). The Greek assayers also used the Beqa, which they called a Tridrachm @ 196.875 grains. The Roman Beqa, of equal grain weight to the Tridrachm or Egyptian Beqa, was called a Semuncia.

840, 1680, 2520, 3360, 4200, 5040, 5880, 6720, 7560, 8400, 9240, 10080 ... 12600 ... 15120 ... 30240, etc.

One can readily see Great Pyramid and associated navigational codes in this lineup.

The return angle for this shaft-to-shaft leg is 141.75-degrees and a mathematical progression based on this goes:

141.75, 283.5, 425.25, 567, 708.75, 850.5... 1134 ... 1417.5 ... 1701 ... 2268 ... 2551.5 ... 2835 ... 3402 ... 3543.75 ... 4536 ... 6804, etc.

These values are substantially lunar and relate to the base dimensions of the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt (pyramid of the moon). A circumnavigation of Khafre @ 708.75-feet per side = 2835-feet for all 4 sides. Also in the lineup are 1/8th, 1/4th, 1/2 and the full duration of the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle. The sum of 2268-feet would be 3 side values of the Great Pyramid @ 756-feet per side and the top altar floor of the pyramid reaches 453.6-feet of vertical height ... 264 Royal Cubits or 4.5 seconds of equatorial arc.

the merits of 850.5-feet would also have featured in the tutorial about the distance between the two shaft positions.

The distance is in homage to the length of the Khafre Pyramid (708.75 feet) which is, in days, 2 lunar years.

The angle is in homage to the equatorial circumference of the Earth, where a distance of 155.52-miles would be 1/160th. Therefore 24883.2 ÷ 155.52 = 160 or 2.25-degrees of arc.

There would be 7.5 increments of 704-feet in a mile of 5280-feet and the value 63360-feet would be 12-miles.

Also, if the 130680000-feet equatorial circumference (24750-miles of 5280-feet) was converted into Egyptian Royal cubits of 20.625-inches, that value (76032000) ÷ 6336 = 12000. Alternatively, if divided by 5280 the total would be 14400. This shows the conversion interplay in readings of either feet or cubits of various kinds in the ratio-related ancient metrology systems.

243, 486, 729, 972, 1215, 1458, 1701, 1944, 2187, 2430, 2673, 2916 ... 3402 ... 3645 ... 3888 ... 5832 ... 6804 ... 7776 ... 8505 ... 11664 ... 13608 ... 15552 ... 25515. etc.

This is a highly important string, loaded with lunar, navigational or calendar codes.

The Druidic brass plaque called the Calendar of Coligny measures 4.86-feet of length and this equates to a Roman Pace of 58.32-inches (5 Roman feet of 11.664-inches) The Roman mile, adopted from much earlier nations, was 5000 Roman feet or 4860-feet of 12-inches each. The value 7.29-inches was 1/8th of a Roman pace and this is the length of the Bush Barrow Lozenge artefact exhumed from a tumulus mound within a stone's throw of Stonehenge. The grave in which the lozenge was found dates to about 2000 BC. The width of the lozenge is based upon the PHI reciprocal and is 6.1804-inches, the dynamic purpose of which will be explained as we proceed.

The Roman foot was found to be 11.664 inches by John Greaves, professor of geometry, who in 1639 went to Rome specifically to ascertain the length of an ancient Roman foot. Greaves located a monument of Roman architect, Stalius Asper and measured bas relief instruments used by him in the first century A. D. Greaves concluded, after careful investigation, that the Roman foot, 'contained 1944 such parts as the English foot contains 2000'. This means a Roman foot of 11.664 inches.

In the lineup of this string occurs, once again, the values for 1/4th (1701-days), 1/2 (3402-days), 3/4ths (5103-days) and the full duration (6804-days) of the lunar nutation cycle.

While in the vicinity of the Greater Cursus, it's timely to identify the distance and angle coding between the east and west end pits. They sit 10 furlongs from each other (6600-feet or 1.25 miles of 5280-feet) at an angle (east to west) of 264-degrees.

The distance is reminiscent of the 2240 value that became the English ton weight of 2240 1bs, still used by the Americans, along with the 5280-feet mile. A mathematical progression based upon 224 goes:

224, 448, 672, 896, 1120, 1344, 1568, 1792, 2016, 2240 ... 2688 ... 2912 ... 3360 ... 3584 ... 4032 ... 5600 ... 6048 ... 6720, etc.

The sum of 112 lbs became the hundredweight of which there were 20 per ton. The value of 2016-feet is 1/3rd of 1-minute of equatorial arc; 4032-feet is 2/3rds and 6048 is 1-minute of arc under the Great Pyramid's literal assignment. In this string the value 6720-feet was the length of the ancient Irish mile.

172.8, 345.6, 518.4, 691.2, 864, 1036.8, 1209.6, 1382.4, 1555.2, 1728, 1900.8, 2073.6 ... 2592 ... 3110.4 ... 3628.8 ... 4147.2 ... 4320 ... 4665.6 ... 5184 ... 6048 ... 12441.6 ... 24883.2.

Firstly, Petrie found a repetitive measurement within the paving slabs of the Great Pyramid of 1.728-feet, which equated to 20.736-inches, the largest of 3 Royal cubits that he identified. Remember, these cubit rules, in their overall lengths, were only for encoding the equatorial circumference of the Earth. One read the inch value as miles, then multiplied that value by 1200. Therefore 20.736-miles X 1200 = 24883.2.

Also, a cubic foot = 12 X 12 X 12 inches or 1728-inches cubed. This is reminiscent of 12 X 12 X 12 X 12 X 1.2-miles = 24883.2, a mnemonic method of remembering the size of the Earth.

Again, 51.84-degrees is the slope angle of the Great Pyramid's faces and the area the pyramid's base covers is 72 X 72 reeds of 10.5-feet each or 5184 square reeds. Also, 5184-years is 1/5th of the duration of the 25920-year Precession of the Equinoxes. Likewise, the distance from the centre of Stonehenge to the outer face of the Heel Stone is 259.2-feet and the circumference of the Sarsen circle is 345.6-feet (11.52-feet X 30).

When navigating at sea in leagues of 16500-feet (3.125-miles), the straight line distance converted to 51840-feet using PI @ 1728/550ths (3.141818182).

It's of note that the base of Silbury Hill is slightly oval to provide two 90-degrees opposed coded diameters. One of these is 525-feet in diameter and the other is 550-feet. The 525-feet diameter became 1 short Greek stadia and for converting this combination of "6&7" number families into a whole number circumference one uses PI @ 22/7ths = 1650-feet. Alternatively, if one wishes to turn 550-feet (11 family of numbers) into a whole number circumference one uses PI @ 1728/550ths = 1728. In other words, Silbury hill was considered to be 1650-feet (55-inches X 360) in circumference, based upon a diameter of 525-feet or 1728-feet (4.8-feet or 57.6-inches X 360) in circumference, based upon a diameter of 550-feet.

The base cross-measures of Silbury Hill near Avebury Henge was obviously used for tutorials about the versions of the PI ratio to use when navigating by the miles of 5250-feet or 5280-feet or their league equivalents.

192, 384, 576, 768, 960, 1152, 1344, 1536, 1728, 1920, 2112, 2304 ... 2268 ... 2880 ... 3456 ... 4032 ... 4608 ... 4800 ... 5184 ... 6912 ... 10560 ... 20736 ... 25920, etc.

As can be seen the values relate to navigation, precession of the equinoxes, and the equatorial circumference of the Earth. The value 384-feet best describes the overall width of Stonehenge in one cross measure that encloses the embankments. The protruding Avenue extends beyond that of course and the embankment circle is slightly oval.

With the Great Pyramid's navigational system configuring the Earth to be 24883.2-miles of 5250-feet in circumference, 1-degree of arc equates to 69.12 Greek miles.

141.75, 283.5, 567, 708.75, 850.5 ... 1134... 1701 ... 2268 ... 2551.5 ... 2835 ... 3402 ... 3543.75 ... 4536 ... 5103 ... 6804, etc.

Again, we have a lineup of strong lunar numbers related to the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle. Also, the value 2835 is the distance around the base of the Khafre Pyramid and 2835-days would be 8-lunar years of 354.375-days or 96 lunar months of 29.53125-days (29 & 17/32nds).

460.8, 921.6, 1382.4 ... 2304 ... 4147.2 ... 4608 ... 6912 ... 9216 ... 10137.6 ... 11520 ... 12441.6 ... 20736 ... 24883.2.

Again, we get a solid lineup of navigational codes based upon an Earth of 24883.2-miles of equatorial circumference.

Navigators at sea had to have easy-to-calculate navigational systems and the Great Pyramid coded two such systems. These were:

1. 130636800-feet of equatorial circumference, with 1-second of arc being 100.8-feet, 1-minute of arc being 6048-feet, and 1-degree of arc being 362880-feet. The system used 24883.2-miles of 5250-feet.

2. 130680000-feet of equatorial circumference, with 1-second of arc being 100.833333-feet, 1-minute of arc being 6050-feet and 1 degree of arc being 363000-feet. This system used 24750-miles of 5280-feet.

3. 131383296-feet of equatorial circumference, with 1-second of arc being 101.376-feet, 1-minute of arc being 6082.56-feet and 1-degree of arc being 364953.6-feet. This system used 24883.2-miles of 5280-feet.

Navigation by the first two systems was reasonably lacking in complexity, but there was a shortfall of 160.18-miles and 152-miles respectively in the two readings of the Earth's true equatorial circumference. This is because the scientists needed to work with numbers that could adequately describe a full circumference, but break it down fluidly to as little as 1-inch or fractions thereof with ease. They needed highly factorable numbers and would settle for minor error in the overall reading to achieve this.

However, they still wished to encode the full and true circumference and settled for 24883.2-miles of 5280-feet, which is only 18.8-miles short of the 24902-mile equatorial circumference figure that we use today.

The angle code is 49.5-degrees and a mathematical progression based upon this goes:

49.5, 99, 148.5, 198, 247.5, 297, 346.5, 396, 445.5, 495 ... 594 ... 792 ... 891 ... 990 ... 1188 ... 1584 ... 1782 ... 1980 ... 2376 ... 2475 ... 2970 ... 3564 ... 5940 ... 7920 ... 24750.

This string accentuates navigation by the ancient Scottish mile of 5940-feet, which was 1-furlong (660-feet) longer than the English mile. It is very evident that measurement increments of 2.475-inches or 2.475-feet were used on Megalithic-Nneolithic sites. At Stonehenge the "Y"-Holes Circle has a diameter of 178.2-feet, which is 864 increments of 2.475-inches or 72 increments of 2.475-feet (29.7-inches). Note, the half value of 5940 is 2970.

The distance is 583.2-feet and the angle is 55-degrees. The merits of 594-feet and 590.625-feet would also have been taught.

The distance of 583.2-feet = 120 Roman Paces or 600 Roman feet ... marked into the English landscape over 2500-years before there was a Roman civilisation. A mathematical progression, based on 583.2 goes:

583.2, 1166.4, 1749.6, 2332.8, 2916, 3499.2, 4082.4, 4665.6 ... 5832 ... 8748 ... 9331.2 ... 11664 ... 14580 ... 46656 ... etc.

The Romans navigated by a different system, using a mile of 5000 Roman feet, based upon a foot read as 11.664-inches. Under a tradition that survived into mediaeval times in Europe, 75 Roman miles represented 1-degree of arc for the world.

The ancient Egyptian volume for a Theban was 11664 cubic inches and their Honnu was 116.64 cubic inches.

It's very apparent from a trades perspective that the foot of 11.664-inches was only for lunar readings or calculating precise, standard cubic inch volumes for capacity vessels (liquid or dry goods). For armies marching overland, the more reasonable foot reading would have conveniently been 11.66666-inches, meaning that every 5400 Roman feet length converted to 1 Greek mile of 5250-feet. This would also mean a Roman pace of 58.33333-inches.

The outer red circle sits a coded radius distance of 233.28-feet from the centre of Stonehenge and its outer rim is marked by stone B on the Avenue. This means a marked diameter for a circle of 466.56-feet or 96 Roman paces (480 Roman feet of 11.664-inches each).

Each of the red circles shown is in a close PHI (1.6180339 to 1) reducing relationship to its outer predecessor. Therefore, The outermost circle (466.56-feet) ÷ PHI = 288.35- feet (the Aubrey Circle of posts is coded to be 288-feet in diameter) ÷ PHI = 178.21 (the "Y" Holes circle is coded to be 178.2-feet in diameter) ÷ PHI = 110.1 (falling centrally on the lintels of the Sarsen Circle).

The "Z"-Holes Circle is not included in the PHI reduction and has a diameter of 132-feet or 1/40th of a mile of 5280-feet.

In the above mathematical progression about the merits of 583.2-feet, its of interest to note that the ancient Sumerian/ Babylonian Talent weight was 933120-grains.

The distance is 352-feet and the angle is 58.666-degrees. The merits of 354.375-feet also featured, as well as 356.4. The angle of 59.0625-degrees would also have been taught at this juncture.

352, 704, 1056, 1408, 1760, 2112, 2464, 2816, 3168, 3520, 3872, 4224. 4576, 4928, 5280, 5632, 5984, 6336 ... 26400 ... 52800, etc.

The string relates to the 5280-feet mile of which 352-feet would be 1/15th, 1760 would be 1/3rd and 6336-feet would be 1.2-miles.

58.666666, 117.33333, 176, 214.66666, 293.33333, 352 ... 528 ... 1760 ... 5280, etc.

The sum of 58.66666-feet would be 1/90th of an English mile of 5280-feet, in much the same way as 58.33333 would be 1/90th of a Greek mile of 5250-feet.

Under the Earth equatorial assignment of 24883.2-miles of 5280-feet (131383296-feet) 1-second of arc is 101.376-feet or 58.66666 Egyptian Royal Cubits of 20.376-inches.

356.4, 712.8, 1069.2, 1425.6, 1782, 2138.4, 2494.8, 2851.2, 3207.6, 3564 ... 5346 ... 7128 ... 8910 ... 130680000.

Another mile used anciently was the Scottish mile (5940-feet), which was 660-feet (1-furlong) longer than the English mile of 5280-feet. These miles were used to describe the equatorial circumference as either 22000 Scottish miles of 5940-feet or 24750 English miles of 5280-feet. There were, quite obviously, increments of 2.475-inches or 2.475-feet (297-inches) used on the many British sites for Scottish mile related calculations.

The sum of 3564-feet would be 17280 increments of 2.475-inches in 3564-feet or 1440 increments of 2.475-feet (297-inches). In the full equatorial circumference under this navigational assignment 130680000-feet there would be 52800000 increments of 2.475-feet.

It seems obligatory that the tutorial would have elaborated on the close proximity distance of 354.375-feet, as well as an angle of 59.0625-degrees, both strong lunar codes.

The distance is 350-feet and the angle is 72-degrees (return angle 252-degrees). The distance would also have been read as 354.375-feet, as well as 352-feet.

35, 70, 105, 140, 175, 210, 245, 280, 315, 350, 385, 420, 455, 490, 525, 560, 595, 630, 665, 700, 735, 770 ... 840 ... 875 ... 945 ... 1120 ... 1260 ... 5250 ... 6300.

The above lineup identifies measurement increments that became the basis for late era navigation by Greek mariners or overland surveying by their landlocked counterparts.

The sum of 10.5-feet (126-inches) was the Greek parallel to the Hebrew reed; 315-feet was 1/2 of a long stadia and was also used as a form of PI @ 3.15; The length of 525-feet was the short stadia and 630 feet was the long stadia and the length marked into the running track at Olympus for the sprint event; The 5250-feet length became the Greek mile, although it was also used by more ancient predecessors for thousands of years before there was a Greek civilisation.

The degree angle read as 252-degrees return also provides a mathematical progression that accentuates navigational numbers found within the Great Pyramid's dimensions:

252, 504, 756, 1008, 1260, 1512, 1764, 2016, 2268, 2520, 2772, 3024, 3276, 3528, 3780, 4032 ... 4536 ... 6048 ... 6300 ... 6804 ... 9072 ... 13608 ... 18900.

The ancient Assyrian cubit was two Greek feet or 25.2-inches; 756 feet is the design length of the Great Pyramid or 1/8th of 1-second of equatorial distance around the Earth; 100.8-feet is 1-second of equatorial arc; 2016, 4032 and 6048-feet are 1/3rd, 2/3rds and a full minute of equatorial arc, respectively; 453.6-feet is the vertical height of the truncated Great Pyramid or 4.5 seconds of arc, as well as 264 Royal cubits of 20.618182-inches.

The value 6804, of course, gives us the number used to describe the duration, in days, of the lunar nutation cycle, essential knowledge for tracing the daily progress of the moon under the lunisolar Sabbatical calendar system.

The distance is 324-feet and the angle is 84-degrees. The merits of 320' would also have featured' as well as 264-degrees return.

324, 648, 972, 1296, 1620, 1944, 2268, 2592, 2916, 3440, 3564, 3888 ... 4536 ... 4860 ... 5184 ... 5832 ... 6804 ... 7776 ... 9072 ... 10368 ... 11340 ... 11664 ... 12960 ... 25920.

This string provides a raft of essential numbers for calculating periods within the 25920-year duration of the Precession of the Equinoxes, as well as navigational codes as found within the dimensions and slope angle of the Great Pyramid. Also, 10368-feet is the coded distance from the centre of Durrington Walls Henge to the centre of Stonehenge. Alternatively, the sum of 1036.8 miles per hour is the speed at which the 24883.2-mile around Earth orb spins in 24-hours. The lineup provides values used for the Roman foot or pace (11.664 & 58.32-inches respectively), as well as the value 162, which in the form of 1.62 worked as a rounded expression of PHI (1.6180339 to 1) in much the same way as the Greek half stadia (315-feet) was used as a rounded form of PI @ 3.15.

84, 168, 252, 336, 420, 504, 588, 672, 756, 840, 924, 1008 ... 1260 ... 1344 ... 1512 ... 2016 ... 3024 ... 3780 ... 4032 ... 4536 ... 6048 ... 6720, etc.

Again, very recognisable numbers that relate to the Great Pyramid's literal system of navigation, including the ancient Irish mile of 6720-feet.

The distance is 345.6-feet and the angle is 61.8034-degrees. The distance can also be read as 350 or 352-feet respectively.

345.6, 691.2, 1036.8, 1382.4, 1728, 2037.6 ... 3110.4 ... 3456 ... 4147.2 ... 5184 ... 8640 ... 9331.2 ... 12096 ... 12441.6 ... 24883.2.

To recap: 345.6-feet is the design circumference of the outer rim of the Sarsen Circle at Stonehenge; 69.12 Greek miles of 5250-feet was 1-degree of equatorial arc circumference; 1036.8 mph was the speed at which the 24883.2-mile Earth rotates; 1382.4-miles is 1/18th of the equatorial circumference, 1728 cubic inches is a cubic foot and 1728-feet is the circumference of Silbury hill under 1 coded reading based upon a 550-feet diameter; 20.376-inches is the largest of 3 close proximity Royal cubits; 3110.4-miles is 1/8th of the equatorial circumference; 51.84-degrees is the slope angle of the Great Pyramid, etc.; 864000-miles is the diameter of the sun; 933120 is the grain weight of an ancient Babylonian/Sumerian Talent; 12441.6-miles is half the equatorial circumference or the Earth and 24883.2-miles is the full circumference.

The degree angle code is one of the most important to the ancient cousin civilisations and was integral to fabricating perfect standard volume vessels for the marketplace.

The ancient method for "squaring the circle" was to use the PHI reciprocal of 10-inches ÷ 1.6180339 = 6.18034-inches and this measurement increment was used by all of the cousin civilisations for fabricating perfect volume vessels for grain, etc., sold the marketplaces.

The Bush Barrow lozenge measures 6.18034-inches across its shortest diameter and 7.29-inches in length.

In the year 1808, Sir Richard Cott Hoare and William Cunnington conducted a significant archaeological excavation into a tumulus mound, situated only a short distance from the Stonehenge monument.
Workmen uncovered the remains of a tall, well built man lying in a fully extended position with his head pointing toward the south.
The grave also contained an assortment of valuable artefacts, including 3 fabricated from beaten gold, attesting to the individual's importance and station within his ancient society. Because of the presence of daggers and an axe, the deceased man was initially thought to have been a warrior.

The totality of the artefacts recovered, however, suggested that the individual had functioned in the capacity of a priest or architect at Stonehenge, as the items found with the skeleton gave an appearance more akin to ceremonial or calculation usage. Some preliminary assessments related to wooden items, in an advanced state of decay, were later modified to support a scientific function rather than a combative one.
Of these items Professor John North comments, 'Fragments of wood that the excavators had thought were the remains of a shield were now described as the remains of an alidade (a sighting rule) and wooden drawing board or plane table' (see Stonehenge, Neolithic Man and the Cosmos, page 508).

There were three daggers with bronze blades and wooden handles. A series of gold pins had held the wooden handles to the blades. Other items included a bronze axe, as well as a mace with a circular pebble head and bone inlaid wooden handle.

The now battered and bruised Bush Barrow lozenge originally measured 6.18034-inches across its shortest diameter and 7.29-inches in length (Measurements supplied by our archaeologists are only to the nearest millimetre and fall short of this by a visually undetectable amount).

Three widths = 18.54102-inches and when fabricating the wooden, circular base for a Bushel barrel tub this diameter, made into a circle, "squares the circle" to 270 square inches ... an amazing accomplishment mathematically.

Sides were then added which extended 8-inches above the top surface of the base. If the finished barrel, banded together securely by rope, were then filled to a level top surface with grain and screeded flat, the cubic capacity would be 2160 cubic inches...or one ancient English Bushel (1/10th of a Babylonian Homer).

It seems obvious that the Bush Barrow and Clandon Barrow lozenges of England, at their original, non-battered dimensions, were used in this very practical application...to create perfect Bushel quantity containers, or to check the integrity of containers used by merchants engaged in measuring out cubic quantities for sale to the public. Any cheating, shortfall irregularity in the diameter of marketplace containers could be checked by the marketplace inspector... the protector of the buying public, who carried the official "master standard" gold, assaying lozenge of office. The barrel bases had to comply to 3 widths of the Bush Barrow Lozenge.

The Bush Barrow lozenge's design width is assuredly 6.18034 inches (the result of dividing 10-inches by PHI @ 1.6180339). The reason for this is that any of the standard, cubic inch volume vessels of the cousin nations could be easily fabricated, in accordance with any of the commonly used volume standards found around the ancient Mediterranean and Europe. Let's consider some of these:

Although the cousin nations made their measures either the same or in easily calculable ratios to their trading neighbors, they also required precise formulas for fashioning very individual circular jar or tub vessels for their own coded volumes of preference. It would appear, very strongly, that the 6.18034 inch increment was used universally to calculate the circular bases for all "official standard" measuring tubs or vessels used by the great civilisations of the ancient Mediterranean Basin. For example:

Any precise volume standard used by the cousin nations could be fashioned with tremendous precision as a circular vessel when the base diameter was in allotments of 6.18034 inches. The vessels could be more squat than tall or vice-versa... it didn't matter, as long as the base retained the 6.18034 inch progression in it's diameter. The same formula, in lesser ratio, could be used to fabricate tumblers, jars or everything down to small cups for use by wine, beer or mead vendors within commercial premises.

The 6.18034 number could also be pressed into service if it was necessary to lay out circular land plots of precise square footage area. For example, an Egyptian Pyramid Acre of 28800 square feet would be a circle with a diameter of 31 X 6.8034 feet. An acre of 43560 square feet (1 furlong X 1 chain) would be a circle of 38.1 X 6.18034 feet.

It seems evident that the old Scottish Ell (37 inches) was, quite simply, 6 X 6.18034-inches originally (37.08204-inches). The Scottish Ell would work very fluidly in laying out circles of desired square footage area with reasonable calculation ease. This is, undoubtedly, one of the surviving measurements carried from Egypt to France and Britain by about 5000 BC. Half a Scottish ell could be used effectively to make Bushel barrels or tubs.

The distance is 1382.4-feet and the angle is 92.16-degrees (return angle 272.16-degrees).

1382.4, 2764.8, 4147.2, 5529.6, 6912, 8294.4, 9676.8, 11059.2, 12441.6 ... 24883.2.

The sum of 1382.4-miles is simply 1/18th of the equatorial circumference or 20-degrees of equatorial arc.

92.16, 184.32, 276.48, 368.64, 460.8, 552.96, 645.12, 737.28, 829.44, 921.6, 1013.76 ... 1382.4 ... 2304 ... 2488.32 ... 4608 ... 11520 ... 12441.6 ... 24883.2.

The sum of 92.16-miles would be 1/270th of the equatorial circumference or 1.33333 degrees of arc.

The value 1013.76 occurs in this string and if the Earth's equatorial circumference was considered to be 24883.2-miles of 5280-feet, then 1-second of arc would equate to 101.376-feet (58.66666 Egyptian Royal cubits of 20.736-inches).

660, 1320, 1980, 2640, 3300, 3960, 4620, 5280, 5940, 6600, 4260, 7920 ... 9900 ... 10560 ... 16500.

The sum of 660-feet is 1000 links of 7.92-inches, 120 ancient merchant navy fathoms of 5.5-feet, 40 rods/perches of 16.5-feet, 10 chains of 66-feet, 1-furlong of 660 feet, 1/8th of an English mile of 5280-feet, 1/9th of a Scottish mile of 5940-feet and 1/25th of a league of 16500-feet.

The 7920 value was used to describe the diameter of the Earth in miles. If doing navigation by the 24750-mile circumference, then the form of PI used to create the circumference reading was 3.125.

If navigating by the 24883.2-mile reading, then the form of PI used to create the circumference reading was 1728/550 or 3.141818182.

106.66666, 213.33333, 320 ... 640 ... 960 ... 1280 ... 1600 ... 1920 ... 2240 ... 2560 ... 2880 ... 3200 ... 3520 ... 3840 ... 4160 ... 4480 ... 4800 ... 5120 ... 5760 ... 6400.

The ancient "Pied du Roi" (foot) of France in use up until the imposition of the metric system in 1799, was 1.066666 British standard feet of 12-inches or 12.8-inches. If this foot was used to measure the length of the Great Pyramid, then 756-feet ÷ 1.0666666 = 708.75. The design length of the Khafre Pyramid (15/16ths the length of the Great Pyramid) was 708.75 standard feet. Similarly, the 11.664-inch Roman foot X 1.066666 = 12.4461-inches ... providing a foot or fraction that related to half the equatorial circumference of the Earth @ 12441.6-miles.

The sum of 106.66666-feet would equate to 100 Pied du Roi (foot of the king or royalty).

The distance is 3666.666-feet and the angle is 26.88-return. Another length would be 3652.5 (there are 365.25-days in a solar year).

3666.66666, 7333.33333, 11000 ... 22000 ... 33000 ... 44000 ... 55000 ... 66000, etc.

A mathematical progression based upon 26.88-degrees (in full number increments) would go:

2688, 5376, 8064, 10752, 13440, 16128, 18816 ... 26880 ... 40320 ... 67200, etc.

With the equatorial distance around the Earth set at 130636800-feet (24883.2-Greek miles), this string represents divisions. Therefore, 130636800 ÷ 2268 = 1/46800th. If measuring within 1-degree of arc (362880-feet ÷ 2688-feet = 1/135th of 1-degree, etc. Also, 1-minute of arc was 6048-feet or 2.25 X 2688.

The 360-degree compass was broken-down into 32nd, 16th, 8th, 1/4th & 1/2 divisions and the string accentuates such a breakdown. Therefore, 130636800-feet ÷ 16 = 8164800-feet or 1555.2 Greek miles of 5250-feet for 22.5-degrees of arc. Also, there would be 19440-Irish miles of 6720-feet in 130636800-feet or 1215 Irish miles in 22.5-degrees.

In an age where there weren't any electronic calculators, the mind had to be trained up to do these calculations, so number strings had to be memorised so well that they could be broken-down into useful divisions by spontaneous mental arithmetic.

Given the immense amount of effort undertaken by the ancient society to excavate just one shaft, let alone 20, it would be unsurprising to find that they were built for much more than one code-identifying saunter around the park. There was something far more sophisticated in their design layout, rendering the shaft positions multi-functional.

We'll now do another circuit, but this time only move between every second shaft position to see if clear cut distance and angle codes can still be extracted.

1A TO 2A.

The distance is 1575-feet and the angle is 252-degrees (reverse angle 72-degrees). The merits of 1584-feet would also be featured.

A mathematical progression based upon 1575 goes:

1575, 3150, 4725, 6300, 7875, 9450, 11025, 12600, 14175, 15750, 17325, 18900, 20475, 22050, 23625, 25200 ... 28350 ... 37800 ... 75600, etc.

We see in this string increments of length that relate to the mile of 5250-feet and an equatorial circumference of 130636800-feet. The values generated are also much used in lunar period calculations.

A mathematical progression based upon 1584-feet goes:

1584, 3168, 4752, 6336, 7920, 9504, 11088, 12672, 14256, 15840, 17424, 19008, 20592, 22176, 23760, 25344 ... 28512 ... 38016 ... 76032. etc.

We see in this string increments of length that relate to the mile of 5280-feet and an equatorial circumference of 130680000-feet.

The merits of the angle 252-degrees (reverse angle 72-degrees) has already been covered relative to shaft 11D to shaft 12D.

2A TO 4A.

The distance is 550-feet and the angle is 255.15-degrees. A tutorial about the merits of 255.675 would also have featured.

The codes related to 550-feet are covered in the section 6A to 7A.

The angle relates to a tutorial about the number of lunar days counted within the Sabbatical Calendar system (2551.5-days or 7.2 lunar years of 354.375-days duration).

A second tutorial would identify the number of solar days in 7 solar years, counted alongside the lunar period within the lunisolar Sabbatical Calendar system (2556.75-days @ 365.25-days per annum).

4A TO 6A

The distance is 907.2-feet and the angle is 288-degrees. The value 907.5' would also have featured.

A mathematical progression based upon 9072 goes:

9072, 18144, 27216, 36288, 45360, 54432, 63504, 72576, 81648, 90720 ... 226800 ... 362880 ... 130636800.

The inch value for 1 side length of the Great Pyramid is 9072-inches (756-feet X 12) and the string advances to the number of feet used to describe the equatorial circumference of the Earth under the navigational system that used 12 X 12 X 12 X 12 X 1.2 Greek miles of 5250-feet each = 24883.2-miles. Within this reading, 1-degree of arc would equate to 362880-feet.

But the Great Pyramid's coding had to include yet another navigational method that used the slightly longer mile of 5280-feet. For this, the length of one side of the pyramid had to be viewed as representing 756.25-feet or 3-inches longer (9075-inches). A mathematical progression based upon 9075-inches goes:

9075, 18150, 27225, 36300, 45375, 54450, 63525, 72600, 81675, 90750 ... 226875 ... 363000 ... 130680000.

Under this method, the equatorial circumference was considered to be 24750-miles of 5280-feet, for a complete circuit around the world, representing 130680000-feet and 1-degree of arc being 363000-feet.

Note also: Whereas the vertical height of the truncated Great Pyramid was 453.6-feet to the top of the flat floor viewing platform (264 cubits of 20.61818182-inches) under the 5250-feet reading, it represented 453.75-feet under the 5280-mile reading (264 cubits of 20.625-inches). In either case, (read as 45360-feet or 45375-feet) the readings represented 1/2880th of the respective navigational systems to which they were assigned.

6A TO 8A

The distance is 1344-feet and the angle is 311.04-degrees.

A mathematical progression based upon 1344 goes:

1344, 2688, 4032, 5376, 6720, 8064, 9408, 10752, 12096, 13440 ... 20160 ... 36288 ... 53760 ... 60480, etc.

Under this string, the sum of 1344-feet would be 1/270th of 1-degree of equatorial arc or 1/97200th of the full circumference of the Earth under the 24883.2 Greek mile (of 5250-feet) assignment.

The degree angle emphasises one of the most important values used in ancient navigation and 311.04-miles would be 1/80th of the 24883.2-mile equatorial circumference or 4.5-degrees of arc. See also the distance relationship between the epicentre of Silbury Hill and the southernmost obelisk at the entryway into West Kennet Longbarrow.

From the centre of man-made, artificial, Silbury Hill near Avebury Henge, to West Kennet Longbarrow's southern-most entranceway alignment of obelisks, the distance is 3110.4-feet @ 148.5-degrees. This distance would be 1/42000th of the equatorial circumference of the Earth under the Great Pyramid's literal navigational assignment of 130636800-feet (24883.2-miles of 5250-feet). The sum of 3110.4-miles would be 1/8th of the 24883.2-mile circumference.

8A TO CURSUS EAST

The distance is 2916-feet and the angle is 291.6-degrees.

A mathematical progression based upon 2916 goes:

2916, 5832, 8748, 11664, 14580, 17496, 20412, 23328 ... 29160 ... 46656 ... 58320 ... 72900 ... 93312 ... 130636800.

This string allows for taking the 24883.2-miles of 5250-feet (130636800-feet) and then breaking it down by half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth, thirty-second, sixty-forth, etc., consistent with 320-640-1280, etc., parts within a 360 environment.

Therefore, 130636800 ÷ 32 = 4082400 ÷ 5250 = 777.6-miles ... or 360 ÷ 32 = 11.25-degrees ... or 24883.2 ÷ 32 = 777.6 miles.

8A TO ii

The distance is 3300-feet and the return angle is 168.75-degrees.

A mathematical progression based upon 3300 goes:

3300, 6600, 9900, 13200, 16500, 19800 ... 26400 ... 29700 ... 36300 ... 52800 ... 59400 ... 363000, etc.

This relates to the furlong (660-feet), the English mile (5280-feet), the Scottish mile (5940-feet), the league (16500-feet), etc.

In the lineup we have 363000, which was 1-degree of equatorial arc (68.75-miles) in a world considered to be 130680000-feet or 24750-miles in circumference.

The angle is 168.75-degrees and a mathematical progression based on this goes:

168.75, 337.5, 506.25, 675, 843.75, 1012.5, 1181.25, 1350 ... 1687.5 ... 2025 ... 2700 ... 3543.75 ... 4050 ... 4725 ... 5400 ... 5906.25 ... 7087.5 ...

As can be seen, this string produces lunar numbers. There would be 21 periods of 16.875-days in a lunar year of 354.375-days.

ii TO IV

The distance is 2304-feet and the angle is 20.736-degrees.

A mathematical progression based upon 2304 goes:

2304, 4608, 6912, 9216, 11520, 13824, 16128, 18432, 20736, 23040 ...34560 ... 41472 ... 57600 ... 62208 ... 124416 ... 248832.

This string relates to the 24883.2-mile equatorial circumference of which 345.6-miles would be 1/72nd or 5 degrees of arc. Alternatively 414.74-miles would be 1/60th of the equatorial circumference or 6-degrees of arc.

The angle of 20.736 is in homage to the largest Egyptian Royal cubit @ 20.736-inches, used as a mnemonic device for calculating the true size of the Earth. Therefore 20.736-inches (read as miles) X 1200 = 24883.2.

IV TO 11D

The distance is 933.12-feet and the angle is 56.7-degrees. The distance would also have been read as 933 & 3/7ths-feet.

A mathematical progression based upon 933.12 goes:

933.12, 1866.24, 2799.36, 3732.48, 4665.6, 5598.72, 6531.84 ... 9331.2 ... 13063.68 ... 23328 ... 130636800.

This string increases to the value, in feet, for the equatorial circumference of the Earth configured at 130636800-feet or 24883.2-Greek miles of 5250-feet each.

Note that the 6531.84 value X 2 = 13063.68.

It's significant that the Babylonian/ Sumerian Talent weight was 933120-grains, encoding the value for 1/140th of the equatorial circumference of the Earth in Greek miles (thousands of years before there was a Greek civilisation).

Alternatively, a mathematical progression based upon 933 & 3/7ths feet would lead to the 130680000-feet reading (24750-miles of 5280-feet), wherein 933 & 3/7ths feet would be 1/140000ths of the Earth's equatorial circumference under that navigational assignment.

A mathematical progression based upon 56.7 goes:

56.7, 113.4, 170.1, 226.8, 283.5, 340.2, 396.9, 453.6, 510.3, 567 ... 680.4 ... 850.5 ... 907.2 ... 1134 ... 1417.5 ... 1701 ... 2551.5 ... 2835 ... 3402 ... 6804. .

This is lunar coding and navigational coding combined. The values 1701, 3402 & 6804 relate, of course, to 1/4th, 1/2 and the full duration, in days of the Lunar Nutation cycle.

The 2551.5 value provides the number of days the lunar year was monitored and followed within the lunisolar Sabbatical Calendar count (7.2 lunar years alongside 7 solar years) and 2835 relates to the full perimeter reading of the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt (a pyramid of the moon).

Values like 453.6 or 9072 relate to the Great Pyramid's navigational assignment.

11D TO 13D

The distance is 875-feet and the angle is 76.8-degrees. 880-feet would have featured in the tutorial.

A mathematical progression based upon 875 is covered for shafts 2A to 3A.

A progression based upon 76.8 goes:

76.8, 153.6, 230.40 307.2, 384, 460.8, 537.6, 614.4, 691.2, 768 ... 921.6 ... 1152 ... 12441.6 ... 24883.2.

This is just a variation on the 2304-code between stations ii to IV and relates to the equatorial circumference of the Earth.

A mathematical progression based upon 880 goes

880, 1760, 2640, 3520, 4400, 5280, 6160, 7040, 7920, 8800, 9680, 10560 ...52800.

Again, these values relate to the mile of 5280-feet.

13D TO 14D

The distance is 1687.5-feet and the angle is 86.4-degrees. The value 1701-feet would also have featured.

The distance code is found in relation to shaft 8A to ii.

A mathematical progression based upon 864 goes:

864, 1728, 2592, 3456, 4320, 5184, 6048, 6912, 7776, 8640 ... 10368 ... 15552 ... 20736 ... 25920 ... 31104 ... 36288 etc.

This string contains navigational codes like 6048 (1-minute of equatorial arc) or 362880 (1-degree of equatorial arc). Also, 25920 (the duration of the precession of the equinoxes in years) or 5184 (1/5th of the precession of the equinoxes in years) ... or 51.84 (the slope angle of the Great Pyramid ... etc). There's also 1728 (the number of cubic inches in a cubic foot.

For more information on the merits of this string see shafts 9A to ii.

14D TO DURRINGTON CENTRE

The distance is 3628.8-feet and the angle is 196.875-degrees. The value 3600-feet would also have featured.

To recap, 362880-feet was 1-degree of arc in the 130636800-feet reading of the Earth's equatorial circumference.

The sum of 196.875-grains was the assay weight of 1 Egyptian Beqa of gold, adopted by both the Romans & Greeks for their gold standards of weight.

MIXING IT UP A BIT ... ANOTHER CIRCUIT, THIS TIME COMMENCING AT THE 2ND STATION.

We'll now begin another staggered station circuit, but this time starting at shaft "i". We therefore move from the Durrington Henge centre to commence orienteering from station "i".

The distance is 3712.5-feet from the centre of Durrington Walls Henge to station "i" and the angle is 172.8-degrees.

The distance relates to the Scottish mile of 5940-feet and there would be 1.6 X 3712.5 increments in 5940. Knowing as we do that the ancient Scottish mile was 1-furlong longer than the English mile and achieved 5940-feet, it's obligatory that the Scots had an Ell measurement of 37.125-inches ... which later drifted to only 37-inches (in and of itself a meaningless, orphan number ... unless read as 37.08204 ... or 6 X 6.18034-inches and based upon the PHI reciprocal of 10-inches ÷ 1.6180339 = 6.18034-inches.

A shorter form of the Ell measurement @ 37.08204-inches would only have been used for fabricating very precise capacity tubs for the marketplace or circle layouts of very accurate square footage (perhaps round houses).

729, 1458, 2187, 2916, 3645, 4374, 5103, 5832, 6561, 7290 ... 11664 ... 25515 ... 29160 ... 46656 ... 131220000.

The sum of 7.29-inches is 1/8th of a Roman Pace (58.32-inches or 5 Roman feet of 11.664-inches). With 5000 Roman feet making a Roman mile, that equals 4860 feet of 12-inches each. With 75 Roman miles equaling 1-degree of arc (364500-feet), their reading of the equatorial circumference of the Earth was 131220000-feet or 27000 Roman miles. However, if they used the overland marching foot of 11.66666-inches, the equatorial circumference would be 131250000-feet or 25000-Greek miles of 5250-feet.

There would be 6912 Roman feet of 11.66666-inches in an Irish mile of 6720-feet.

The Bush Barrow Lozenge from Stonehenge is 7.29-inches in length and 6.18034-inches in width. (1/8th of a Roman foot & the PHI reciprocal based upon 10-inches ÷ PHI, respectively).

259.2, 518.4, 777.6, 1036.8, 1296, 1555.2, 1814.4, 2073.6, 2332.8, 2592 ... 3110.4 ... 3628.8 ... 6480 ... 9072 ... 9331.2 ... 11664 ... 12441.6 ... 24883.2.

The string provides the values to describe the Earth's equatorial circumference and its divisions, as well as periods within the 25920-year duration of the Precession of the Equinoxes, etc.

'They also lecture on the stars in their motion, the magnitude of the Earth and its divisions, on natural history, on the power and government of God; and instruct the youth in these subjects' (see De Bello Gallico, VII, 15, 16.).

Isabel Hill Elder further writes, 'The students at these colleges numbered at times sixty thousand of the youth and young nobility of Britain and Gaul. Caesar comments on the fact that the Gauls sent their youth to Britain to be educated... It required twenty years to master the complete circle of Druidic knowledge. Natural philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, geometry, medicine, jurisprudence, poetry and oratory were all proposed and taught-natural philosophy and astronomy with severe exactitude.' As her sources, Elder refers to: Strabo I IV, page 197. Caesars Comm. Lib V. Sueotonius, V Calegula. E. Campion, Accounts of Ireland, pg. 18.).

The distance is 810-feet and the angle is 265.05-degrees (85.05-degrees return).

810, 1620, 2430, 3240, 4050, 4860, 5670, 6480, 7290, 8100, 8910, 9720, 10530, 11340. 12150, 12960 ... 17010 ... 25920 ... 28350 ... 68040, 90720 ... 131220000.

These are divisions of the Earth under the Roman navigational assignment, with their mile of 4860-feet (5000 X 11.664-inches) and full equatorial circumference configured at 131220000-feet (27000 Roman miles or 25000 Greek miles. Values for the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle also occur and the Roman navigational system, like the Greek system, is based upon lunar numbers.

The apparent length and angle codes between shaft holes was 990-feet @ 297-degrees. It's probable that the degree angle value 295.3125 could have been accommodated at more extreme diagonals between shaft holes.

990, 1980, 2970, 3960, 4950, 5940, 6930, 7920, 8910, 9900 ... 14850 ... 17820 ... 24750 ... 65340 ... 130680000.

The sum of 990-feet is 1.5-furlongs or furrowlongs of 660-feet; 5940 is a Scottish mile which was 1-furlong greater than the English mile; 7920-miles is the diameter of the Earth; The value 178.2-feet was the diameter of "Y"-Holes at Stonehenge; 24750-miles of 5280-feet is the equatorial circumference of the Earth under the 2nd system encoded into the base dimensions of the Great Pyramid.

The string progresses through 65340 (half of 130680 to the full value, in feet, for the equatorial circumference of the Earth ... 130680000.

297, 594, 891, 1188, 1485, 1782, 2079, 2376, 2673, 2970 ... 3564 ... 5940 ... 6534 ... 13068 ... 28512 ... 130680000.

As can be seen that this string is just another variation of the 5940 code, based upon navigating by the ancient Scottish mile. Included in this string is the value 28512, which in feet would equate to 4.8 Scottish miles. It's interesting to note that the ancient Hebrew Sepphoris Dry Volume called a Homer was 28512 cubic inches (16.5 cubic feet) and their Ephah was 2851.2 cubic inches.

Note also that the cubic capacity of a Homer volume was 16.5'cu and that 16.5-feet was 3 ancient fathoms of 5.5-feet, called a rod or perch in England. Also, 16500-feet was an ancient English league (3.125 miles of 5280 feet).

If the angle of 295.3125 could be accommodated, shaft-to-shaft, then that would relate to the lunar month of 29.53125-days (29 & 17/32nds ... accurate to within 1-minute of time).

The distance is 1512-feet and the return angle code is 147.65625-degrees (147 & 21/32nds ...lunar code).

1512, 3024, 4536, 6048, 7560, 9072, 10584, 12096, 13608, 15120 ... 22680 ... 36288 ... 362880, etc.

Running concurrently to this string would be the 2nd navigational method that used the slightly elongated reading of 756.25-feet for 1 base length of the Great Pyramid (thus 2 side readings equal 1512.5-feet).

1512.5, 3025, 4537.5, 6050, 7562.5, 9075, 10587.5, 12100, 13612.5, 15125... 22687.5 ... 36300 ... 363000, etc.

The first string provides the Great Pyramid's coded values for navigating by the mile of 5250-feet and the 2nd string by the mile of 5280-feet.

The distance is 4500-feet and the angle is 1.728 degrees. The merits of the angle value, 1.75-degrees would also have featured.

This string simply relates to primary and secondary divisions of the 360-degree compass.

A recurring length of 1.728-feet was found by Petrie at the paving slabs of the Great Pyramid and thus lead to the identification of a cubit of 20.736-inches (1.728-feet X 12). A cubic foot is 1728-cubic inches.

The distance is 1050-feet and the angle is 52.5-degrees. The length value of 1056-feet would also have featured alongside an angle of 52.8-degrees.

The distance of 1050-feet is 100 Hebrew reeds or 1000 Greek feet. There would be 500 Hebrew reeds in a Greek mile of 5250-feet.

Both the distances and angles accentuate tutorials related to the respective Greek and English mile readings.

The distance is 900-feet and the angle is 67.2-degrees. The opposite degree angle would also have been read to mean 247.5-degrees.

90, 180, 270, 360, 450, 540, 630, 720, 810, 900, 990, 1080, 1170, 1260, 1350, 1440, 1530, 1620, 1710, 1800, 1890, 1980 ... 2160 ... 2250 ... 2520 ... 2700 ... 2880 ... 2970 ... 5940, etc.

The string provides values for the degree angle of the 4-quarters of the Earth, but also many whole number divisions, based upon 360-degree divisions within the 5940-feet environment of a Scottish mile, etc.

This infers the 5940-feet Scottish mile being used as the circumference of a circle during straight line legs of travel at sea.

Using Great Pyramid related numbers like 189-feet (1/4th of the pyramid's length) X PI @ 22/7ths = 594. Under such a system using, say, 6048-feet (1-minute of arc) for legs of travel at sea, that would convert to 19008-feet of circumference on the plotting chart or 3.2 Scottish miles of which 1/360th of the circuit was 52.8-feet per degree.

Again, using the reading for 1-minute of arc under the 5280-feet navigational encoding system of the Great Pyramid, 1-minute of arc becomes 6050-feet. This value, using PI @ 1728/550ths = 3.141818182 = 19008-feet of circumference, again providing the same reading for 1-degree of arc on the plotting chart.

If navigating by an English league of 16500-feet (3.125-miles of 5280-feet), by using PI at 1728/550ths the leg (league) converts to a circumference of 51840-feet, in which each degree of arc is 144-feet.

If navigating using the Irish mile of 6720-feet, a leg would convert to a circumference of 21120-feet using PI @ 22/7ths, generating 58.66666-feet per degree of arc on the circumference.

If navigating by the Greek stadia related value of 6300-feet (10 stadia) this could be converted using PI @ 22/7ths, generating 19800-feet of circumference in which 1-degree of arc would be 55-feet or 10 merchant navy fathoms.

The 67.2-degree angle between shafts 10D & 12D is in homage to the 6720-feet Irish mile.

The 180-degree opposed angle could be read by the tutor as representing 247.5-degrees, thus introducing the 24750-mile navigational assignment.

This is, of course, 1-furlong or furrowlong. The mathematical progression readout is covered between stations 3A to 4A or 14D to 15D.

The progression based upon 72 is covered in the relationship between Durrington centre and shaft 1A.

The distance of 2016-feet is, of course, 1/3rd of 1-minute of arc (6048-feet) under the Great Pyramid's navigational assignment using the mile of 5250-feet. The value could also be read a 1/3rd of 6050-feet and relate to the slightly longer mile of 5280-feet.

97.2, 194.4, 291.6, 388.8, 486, 583.2, 680.4, 777.6, 874.8, 972 ... 11664 ... 1360.8 ... 1555.2 ... 2721.6 ... 3110.4 ... 6804 ... 12441.6 ... 24883.2.

These are divisions of the Earth's 24883.2-mile circumference into mostly 320th-type segments within a 360-degree environment.

A mathematical progression based upon the half value of 175 is adequately covered in 1A to 3A.

So, we'll now start from station 1A again, then miss two stations and fix onto the 4th station along the path.

1782, 3564, 5346, 7128, 8910, 10692, 12474, 14256, 16038, 17820 ... 28512 ... 35640 ... etc.

These numbers are based upon increments of either 2.475-inches, 24.75-inches, 2.475-feet (29.7-inches), or 24.75-feet (297-inches) and in 1782-feet there would be: 8640 X 2.475-inches; 720 X 2.475-feet; 864 X 24.75-inches; 72 X 24.75-feet.

With the full equatorial circumference of the Earth configured to be 22000 miles of 5940-feet (130680000-feet), this also equaled 24750-miles of 5280 or 7920 leagues of 16500-feet each.

1188, 2376, 3564, 4752, 5940, 7128, 8316, 9504, 10692, 11880 ... 13068 ... 17820 ... 19008 ... 28512 ... 29700 ... 59400 ... 130680000.

Again we have divisions of the navigational system based upon the Scottish mile of 5940, all the way up to the equatorial circumference of the Earth in feet, which can be read as 22000 scottish miles or 24750 English miles.

276.48, 552.96, 829.44, 1105.92, 1382.4, 1658.88, 1935.36, 2211.84, 2488.32 ... 4147.2 ... 6912 ... 12441.6 ... 20736 ... 24883.2.

Again, we have divisions of the 24883.2-mile equatorial circumference of the Earth. However, if this means the "true" size of the Earth of 24883.2 X 5280-miles the circumference reading is 131383296-feet, of which 276.48-miles is 1/90th in miles of 5280-feet or 1/80th in miles of 5940-feet.

The distance is 2016-feet and the angle is 320-degrees. The reverse angle is 140-degrees.

The distance of 2016-feet is 1/3rd of 1-minute of equatorial arc under the 24883.2-mile (of 5250-feet) reading.

14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126, 140, 154, 168 ... 210 ... 224 ... 252 ... 280 ... 336 ... 350 ... 364 ... 378 ... 756 ... 2016 ... 3024 ... 6048, etc.

This string was very important for week, month, year calculations under the Sabbatical Calendar, which was primarily based upon 42 (divisible by both 6&7). The agrarian calendar could run for 7 solar years @ 13-months of 28-days (364-days), accruing 1.25 days of error each year until the end of the Sabbatical Year, where 9-days (8.75) of intercalary days were added to correct the calendar count.

The above progression also provides Great Pyramid values, as well as 6048, which (in feet) equals 1-minute of equatorial arc.

48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336, 384, 432, 480, 528, 576, 624, 672, 720, 768 ... 864 ... 1008 ... 1056 ... 1152 ... 1200 ... 1296 ... 1728 ... 2016 ... 3024 ... 6048 ... 25920, etc.

These are strong navigational numbers or relate to periods within the Precession of the Equinoxes.

576, 1152, 1728, 2304, 2880, 3456, 4032, 4608, 5184, 5760, 6336, 6912 ... 8640 ... 9216 ... 10368 ... 13824 ... 15552 ... 19008 ... 20160 ... 20736 ... 25920 ... 31104 ... 36288 ... 124416 ... 248832.

This is a dynamic string, power-packed with useful numbers to do with the equatorial circumference of the Earth, Precession of the Equinoxes, etc.

1485, 2970, 4455, 5940, 7425, 8910, 10395, 11880, 13365, 14850 ... 17820 ... 29700 ... 35640 ... 59400 ... 65340 ... 130680000

There would be 22000 X 5940-feet long Scottish miles in 130680000-feet or 24750 English miles of 5280-feet.

625, 1250, 1875, 2500, 3125, 3750, 4375, 5000, 5625, 6250, 6875, 7500, 8125, 8750, 9375, 10000 ... 11250 ... 12500 ... 16875 ... 20625 ... 22500 ... 26250, etc.

This is a somewhat more obscure string, but one that produced many useful numbers for many calculation applications. In the lineup whole number decimal values are being reduced by 1/16th parts.

The distance is, of course, 1/3rd of 1-minute of equatorial arc (6804-feet) under the system that used the mile of 5250-feet. This distance would also have been read as 2016.66666-feet or 1/3rd of 6050-feet, the second navigational system encoded into the Great Pyramid, which used a mile of 5280-feet.

SO, LETS GO AROUND AGAIN USING THE SAME STAGGERED METHOD, BUT THIS TIME STARTING FROM THE 2ND STATION ON THE PATH.

The distance is 1056-feet and the angle is 75.6-degrees return. The distance value would also have been read as 1050-feet or 10-reeds.

The sum of 1056-feet is 1/5th of a mile of 5280-feet or there would be 5.625 increments of 1056-feet in a Scottish mile of 5940-feet.

The angle code relates to the 756-feet length of the Great Pyramid, with one side length equal to 1/8th of 1-minute of equatorial arc.

756, 1512, 2268, 3024, 3780, 4536, 5292, 6048, 6804, 7560 ... 9072 ... 11340 ... 13608 ... 18900 ... 27216 ... 36288 ... 362880, etc.

Highlighted are 1/8th, 1/2, 1-minute of arc and 1-degree of equatorial arc for the navigational method that used the mile of 5250-feet..

756.25, 1512.5, 2268.75, 3025, 3781.25, 4537.5, 5293.75, 6050 ... 6806.25 ... 7562.5 ... 9075 ... 11343.75 ... 18906.25 ... 27225 ... 36300 ... 363000.

Again, highlighted are 1/8th, 1/2, 1-minute of arc and 1-degree of equatorial arc for the navigational method that used the mile of 5280-feet.

The distance code appears to be 1440-feet to the southeastern side of the 7A shaft and 1485-feet to the northwestern side. The return angle is 110-degrees.

144, 288, 432, 576, 720, 864, 1008, 1152, 1296, 1400, 1584, 1728 ... 2016 ... 2160 ... 2304 ... 2592 ... 2880 ... 3024 ... 3456 ... 3600 ... 4032 ... 5184 ... 6048 ... 20736 ... etc.

Highlighted are the values that relate to 1-second of equatorial arc (100.8-feet), 1/3rd of 1-minute of equatorial arc (2016), 2/3rds and 1-minute of arc (4032) and 1-minute of arc (6048). The value 20736 is in mnemonic reference to the 20.376-inch Egyptian Royal cubit (1.728-feet).

3645, 7290, 10935, 14580, 18225, 21870, 25515, 29160 ... 34560 ... 58320 ... 72900 ... 116640 ... 131220 ... 466560 ... 131220000.

Under the Roman system of navigation, their foot was, as stated, 11.664-inches and 5000 such feet was their mile (4860-feet of 12-inches). It was known in mediaeval times that 75 Roman miles was 1-degree of equatorial arc (364500-feet of 12-nches or 375000 Roman feet of 11.664-inches) meaning a full circumference was configured mathematically to be 131220000-feet of 12-inches or 135000000 Roman feet.

In the above lineup, 7290 feet of 12-inches would equal 7500 Roman feet; 58320-feet of 12 inches would equal 60000 Roman feet or 12000 Roman paces.

For overland marching it seems plausible that the Romans would have used the more easily calculated foot of 11.66666-inches and, if so, their value for the equatorial circumference would come to 131250000-feet of 12-inches or 135000000 Roman feet or 25000 Greek miles of 5250-feet of 12-inches.

Of course, all of these increments were encoded into the Durrington Walls landscape up to 2000-2500-years before there were any hints or emerging vestiges of Greek or Roman civilisations.

405, 810, 1215, 1620, 2025, 2430, 2835, 3240, 3645, 4050 ... 4860 ... 5670 ... 6480 ... 7290 ... 8100 ... 8505 ... 17010 ... 34020 ... 68040 ... 25515, etc.

This is essentially a lunar string. In the 2551.5 days (7.2 lunar years) tracked within the lunisolar Sabbatical Calendar, there would be 63 X 40.5-days (972-hours). Alternatively, there would be 168 X 40.5-days in the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle.

The angle code is 343.75-degrees and a mathematical progression based on this goes:

343.75, 687.5, 1031.25, 1375, 1718.75, 2062.5, 2406.25, 2750 ... 3437.5 ... 4125 ... 5156.25 ... 5500 ... 6187.5 ... 6875 ... 7562.5 ... 11000 ... 16500 ... 24750.

This string shows divisions within the 16500-feet English league (3.125-miles of 5280-feet). There would be 7920-leagues in 24750-miles. In a league of travel the sum of 343.75-feet would be 1/48th. It would also equate to 200 Egyptian Royal cubits of 20.625-inches. Also, with the earth configured to be 24750-miles in circumference, 1-degree of arc would be 68.75-miles.

The distance is the same as doing 1 circumnavigation of the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt (2835-feet) or if considered to be 2835-days, that would equate to 8-lunar years.

27.5, 55, 82.5, 110, 137.5, 165, 192.5, 220, 247.5, 275, 302.5, 330, 357.5 ... 440 ... 495 ... 550 ... 605 ... 660 ... 687.5 ... 880 ... 907.5 ... 990 ... 2062.5 ... 2475 ... 24750.

In this string we have divisions of the furlong or furrowlong of which 27.5-feet would be 1/24th. Alternatively, 27.5-feet would be 1/192nd of a mile of 5280-feet, 1/216th of a Scottish mile of 5940-feet or 1/600th of a league of 16500-feet.

The distance is 1215-feet and the angle is 70.875-degrees. The tutorial would also have included distances of 1200 and 1209.6-feet respectively, as well as the angle of 72-degrees (252-degrees return).

A mathematical progression about the lunar codes for 1215 is adequately covered in the shaft distance between 7A to ii.

The degree angle is, once again, in homage to the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt's base length of 708.75-feet, coding 2-lunar years of 354.375-days.

The distance is 2304-feet and the angle is 92.16-degrees (return angle 272.16-degrees).

A mathematical progression based upon 2304 is covered in the distance between shafts ii to IV.

340.2, 680.4, 1020.6, 1360.8, 1701 ... 3402 ... 6804, etc., is simply in homage to the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle. In this cycle the moon moves to its most extreme positions up and down the horizon, in the same vein as an annual summer or winter solstice of the sun, except in the case of the moon the elapsed time is 18.613-years.

The lunar coding related to 168.75 is covered in the relationship between shafts 8A to ii.

WE'LL NOW COMMENCE YET ANOTHER CIRCUIT, AGAIN STARTING WITH STATION 1A, BUT MISSING 3 INTERIM STATIONS TO FIX ONTO THE FIFTH (4A).

It will become ever-more apparent to anyone doing number crunching, that the code bearing relationships between each of the 20 precisely placed stations in the Durrington Walls circuit, with every other strategically placed station, would produce hundreds of distance and angle codes.

This layout is incredibly complex in design and was intended to achieve dynamic, recognisable codes, no matter which two stations one moves between. Designing such a system would have required tremendous forethought and planning, let alone the surveying and mammoth building effort required to create the system.

Essentially it's a complex maze, with every corridor or path to another shaft bearing a distance and angle code that the orienteer-student must negotiate, identify and memorise ... with the ever-available help of their tutors.

The distance is 2112-feet and the angle is 253.125-degrees. The distance can also be read as 2160-feet.

1056, 2112, 3168, 4224, 528, 6336, 7392, 8448, 9504, 10560, 11616, 12672, 13728, 14784, 15840, etc. The progression would generate a raft of important values like 2640, 6336, 7920, etc., all the way to the equatorial circumference of the Earth in feet. There would be 2.5 X 2112 feet in a mile of 5280-feet and its half value, 1056-feet would be 1/5th of a mile of 5280-feet and 1584-miles would be 1/5th of the Earth's diameter (7920-miles).

The progression advances to finally generate the value 130680000' (the equatorial circumference of the Earth under the 5280' mile system).

253.125, 506.25, 759.375, 1012.5, 1265.625 ... 1771.875 ... 2025 ... 3037.5 ... 3543.75 ... 4050 ... 6075 ... 7087.5.

This is again in homage to the lunar year of 354.375-days and the length of the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt @ 708.75-feet (15/16ths the length of the Great Pyramid). The sum of 25.3125-days (25 & 5/16ths) would be 1/14th of a lunar year.

A progression based upon the half value of 2160 is found in the relationship between shafts 1A to i

The distance is 2200-feet and the angle is 302.4-degrees. A distance of 2250-feet would also have featured, along with 302.5-degrees.

220, 440, 660, 880, 1100, 132, 1540, 1760, 1980, 2200, 2420, 2640, 2860, 3080, 3300, 3520 ... 3960 ... 5280 ... 5940 ... 6600 ... 7920 ... 16500.

This string creates increments relative to the furlong, English mile, Scottish mile, league and diameter of the Earth in miles (7920).

A reading for 1 circumnavigation of the Great Pyramid would be 3024-feet (half a minute of equatorial arc) under the 5250-mile navigational assignment or 3025-feet (half a minute of equatorial arc) under the 5280 navigational assignment.

A distance reading of 2250-feet would be in homage to a tutorial about 22.5-degrees and its relevance within the 360-degree compass system.

This string relates to the foot reading of the Earth's equatorial circumference @ 130636800-feet of which 54432-feet would be 1/2400th and 272160-feet would be 1/480th.

A mathematical progression based upon 192 is found relative to shaft ii to shaft iii.

The distance is 1771.875-feet and the angle is 66-degrees. The distance of 1782-feet would also have featured.

The builders of the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt consrtucted the edifice as two 3-4-5 triangles back-to-back. In a 3-4-5 triangle, one side will be 1.6666666 larger than the shortest side and the remaining side 1.33333 larger than the shortest side.

These ratios provided additional calculating possibilities and a rule configured to be 17.71875-inches long as mnemonic device (17 & 23/32nds) would convert to 29.53125-inches (29 & 17/32nds) if increased by a ratio of 1.666666 to 1.

The sum of 17.71875-days (425.25-hours ...25515-minutes) would be 1/20th part and 177.1875-days would be 1/2 of a lunar year.

A mathematical progression for 345.6 is found in the relationship between shafts 13D to V.

A mathematical progression for 140 is found in the relationship between shafts 6A to 9A

WE'LL COMMENCE AGAIN AT STATION 1A, BUT THEN MISS 4 INTERIM STATIONS AND FIX UPON THE 6TH (5A).

The distance is 2592-feet and the angle is 257.76-degrees (77.76-degrees return).

The distance is in homage to the 25920-year Precession of the Equinoxes, where the actual equinoctial calendar day must be adjusted by 1-day every 72-years. (72 X 360 = 25920).

As stated, the design placement of the Heel stone at Stonehenge was 259.2-feet from the centre of Stonehenge to the outer face of the Heel stone. It also seems apparent that the diagonal face length of Silbury Hill was 259.2 feet.

777.6, 1555.2, 2332.8, 3110.4, 3888, 4665.6, 5443.2, 6220.8 ... 7776 ... 9331.2 ... 11664 ... 12441.6 ... 24883.2.

The sum of 777.6-miles is 1/32nd of the Earth's equatorial circumference under the 24883.2 reading.

Seeing as the next 6th station removed is the pond or pit at the east end of the Greater Cursus, we'll take a reading on it before doing the 6th shaft position.

118.125, 236.25, 354.375, 472.5, 590.625, 708.75 ... 945 ... 1417.5 ... 1771.875 ... 1890 ... 2835 ... 2953.125 ... 3543.75 ... 3780 ... 15120 ... 30240 ... 60480.

The increment used on the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt to form the 3-4-5 triangle reading (2 back-to-back 3-4-5 triangles to make a pyramid configuration) was 118.125, which (in days) was 4 lunar months of 29.53125-days.

The above string provides the values for the 3-4-5 triangles ... 118.125 X 3 = 354.375; 118.125 X 4 = 472.5; 118.125 X 5 = 590.625.

Also in the string 3024 & 6048 are represented in homage to 1/2 and also 1-minute of equatorial arc, respectively.

The value 1890 is represented within the panel counts for the bronze, lunisolar, Sabbatical Calendar of Coligny, found in France in 1897. The value was used for calculating both the lunar and solar counts for the parapegma plaque's counts. Thus, 1890 ÷ 63 = 30-days (solar month) and 1890 ÷ 64 = 29.53125-days (lunar month).

The distance is 3564-feet and the angle is 36.45-degrees. A reading of 36.525 is also plausible to relate to the day count in a solar year.

The 3645 code is covered in the relationship between shaft 7A to to Cursus pond East

WE'LL COMMENCE AGAIN AT STATION 1A, BUT THEN MISS 5 INTERIM STATIONS AND FIX UPON THE 6TH (6A).

The 2916 coded values are covered between shaft 8A to Cursus pond East, wherein both the distance and angle are in homage to 2916.

83.33333, 166.66666, 250, 333.33333, 416.66666, 500, 583.33333, 666.66666, 750, 833.33333.

Essentially, the string is accentuating 1.66666, which was used as a conversion ratio. Thus, half the base length of the Khafre Pyramid (354.375-feet X 1.66666 = 590.625-feet (the pyramid's diagonal side, face length or hypotenuse). The sum of 590.625-days would be 20 lunar months of 29.53125-days.

The 6180.34 value is in homage to the PHI reciprocal obtained from 10-inches ÷ 1.6180339 (PHI). Knowledge of this increment became the basis for "squaring the circle" when fabricating precise, standard cubic volume vessels for use in the marketplaces of all of the ancient cousin civilisations of the Mediterranean, Continental Europe and the British Isles in remote antiquity.

The distance code is, once again related to the 25920-year duration of the Precession of the Equinoxes.

When our archaeologists look at the huge amount of effort that went into erecting all of the standing stone circles, huge henge and geometric embankment or trench complexes, chambered cairns and souterrains potentially in their thousands for shelter out of the elements, as well as very heavy, stand alone obelisks dotting the landscapes, ponds, shafts, etc., they must surely conclude that all this labour had to be for an extremely profound purpose.

What could possibly have inspired a huge population of workers, spanning generations, to unrelentlingly support this back-breaking endeavour? There had to be a very good reason that went to the heart and soul of everyone in the ancient societies where these great works were undertaken. For peasant communities eking out a basic living on a daily basis, trying to keep body and soul together for themselves and their family, all of this massive terra-forming of the landscape and building of mammoth structures like Silbury Hill, seems like a counterproductive, futile exercise.

Those structures would need to be conceived as absolutely essential before the rank and file of society could be convinced to grant their ongoing, unwavering support.

The trite and ridiculous reasons served up to us by our academics, thus far, fall far short of being in any way convincing. With regards to British sites like Durrington Walls Henge and its tiny satellite, Stonehenge, some of the hypotheses we've been inflicted with to insult our intelligence include:

However, these grotesquely foreign descriptions of the European-Caucasoid psyche run counter to the ever-present, rational, core thinking that prevails in the European race and ethnicity through all ages. Our ancestors of the British Isles theatre as elsewhere would not be given to such over-the-top superstitious stupidity as ancestor worship, where, as some modern university-educated-idiots have suggested, they took food into the disease-ridden tombs of the dead to hold banquets with the rotting-down departed.

What our ancient ancestors needed was abundant, safe, disease-free, functioning society, where planting and harvesting were done on time to ensure an ever-adequate food supply. They also needed foreknowledge of what could reasonably be expected in the coming growing season.

They would have asked questions like, what was the position of the moon in relation to the Earth' s position around the sun, etc?

The moon is the biggest determiner of weather, due to its gravitational tug on the Earth and its oceans. The lunar position is a portend of droughts, storms, earthquakes and placid weather or what oceans one must not venture into at certain times within the moon's long cycle.

Abundant society and the concept of civilisation were the products of knowledge, and hard-won, profound, scientific knowledge had to be maintained at all cost through each ensuing generation.

No amount of coercion, enslavement, indentured-servitude or tyranny could have pulled-off mobilising the vast population so thoroughly to throw themselves willingly into this work. They had to believe in the greater purpose, the fruits of which brought them ever-predictable success and ongoing happiness. The only incentive possible for their participation was the conviction that they needed to train-up the brightest and the best of their children to be 'the few set aside to bless the many' ... a tried and true formula for an enriched, safe, functioning civilisation that endured intact through tumultuous times and calamities.

THE SEMI-CIRCLE OF DISTANT SHAFTS ASSOCIATED WITH DURRINGTON WALLS HENGE